Kune akawanda marudzi ekutsvaga nekununura (SAR) ndege yepasirese uye mumwe nemumwe wavo anopindura kune zvakananga zvinodiwa zvenyika iyoyo. Tichifunga nezvemisiyano yavo maererano nemagadzirirwo uye maitiro ekubhururuka, zvingave zvakanaka kuongorora uye kutaridzawo maitiro avo. Pepa rakaburitswa nenyanzvi mune zveEMS uye Aviation masangano kuMalawi.

Iko kuziva kweiyo hukuru hunhu hwekutsvaga uye kununura (SAR) ndege inozoshanda segwaro rechitungamira mukugadzirwa kwenzira dzemangwana. Kana, zvirinani, zvinoshanda mukusarudzwa kwakakodzera kwendege mumusika kuti ishandiswe mukutsvaga nekununura mamishoni. Kubva pane iyi pfungwa, Chipatara Administrator cheMalawi Ministry of Health nevamwe vanoita basa rekufamba nendege nekupa rubatsiro vakaongorora nhoroondo yakaitika vachishandisa ndege dzeSAR dzave dzichishandiswa muSAR mamisheni epasi rese kuratidza maitiro akakosha ekufunga nezvawo.

Kuitira kuita SARhunyanzvi hushumwe, kutsvaga nekununura ndege, ingave kubva kubazi rezvekutengeserana kana remauto, inofanirwa kutevedzera zviga zvakatemerwa nevatungamiriri venyika iyoyo.

Ndege dzeSAR muSpain neAustralia

Semuenzaniso, iyo Spanish Aviation Safety Agency inotonga kuti chero yendege iri mukati mehutongi hwayo inobatanidzwa mukutsvaga nekununura chinangwa kuti inyorwe zvinoenderana nemitemo yayo yekuchengetedza. Zvakare, muAustralia, uko kunoongororwa nguva nenguva pane vanoshanda nendege kuti vaone kuteverwa kwavo uye nekuvandudzika kuri kuramba kuchienderera, chiremera chakadzora ndege dzese dzakabatanidzwa muSAR mishini [1].

Kutsvaga uye Kununura muenzaniso ndege muFrance

Iyo Aerospatiale yeFrance neWestland Ndege yeUnited Kingdom yakagadzira Aerospatiale SA342 Gazelle. Ndege inotenderera-mapapiro ndege ine chinangwa chemauto sekushandiswa kwekutanga. Chokwadi, kunyangwe iri kurerutsa, yaive yakarongedzwa nemasaga zvekuti yaigona kushandiswa seanopikisa-tangi pfuti. Nekudaro, iyo yakakodzera kushandiswa kune scout uye basa rekubatsira, iro rakakosha mukutsvaga nekununura mamishoni [3].

SAR ndege muenzaniso muUK

Panguva ino, London Mhepo Ambulance inonyanya kushandisa iyo MD 900/902 Explorer yekukurumidzira mabasa ekurapa uye kutsvaga nekununura kushanda [4]. Iyo MD 900/902 inomira parutivi nekuda kwekushandisa kwayo mumamiriro ekunze emhepo, iri mukana wakanaka wekushandiswa mukutsvaga nekununura mishini, kunyanya mumamiriro akaomesesa.

Zvakare, Airbus yakagadzira EADS C-295 ndege inokwanisa kuita maritime patrol uye kudzoreredza, zvinoitawo chikamu chechinangwa chekutsvaga nekununura. Iyi ndege yeSAR yakarongedzwa neinjini mbiri turboprop uye yakagadzirirwa nekugona kuita basa mumamiriro ekunze ese mamiriro ekunze, ichiiita iyo inowirirana, yakasimba uye zvakare yakavimbika ndege [5].

Ko SAR muAustria?

Uye zvakare, muAustria, iyo Dhigiri Ndege Dhiabhu yakavaka iyo ndege yeDA42. Izvo zvaratidza kuve chakabudirira dhizaini yekuyambuka nyika mabasa. Kune SAR mishoni, chaizvo, izvi zvakanyanya kukodzera kushanda seAustria ine yakatarwa mamiriro emakomo uye irwo nyika yakavharwa. Iyo DA42 inogona kubata nyore nyore uye ine yakanyatsogadzikana kugadzikana uye kutonga, izvo zvakakosha kune chero nguva refu yekutarisa kweairesi [6].

China, kutanga mune chaiyo kutsvaga uye Kununura mamishoni

Kune rimwe divi, China inopa Avopter AC313. Ndege inotenderera-mapapiro ndege ine fuselage hombe iyo inogona kupa yakakura panebhodhi nzvimbo mukana wekubata zvakanyanya zvekurapa kana kumwe kutsvaga uye kununura. midziyo [7]. Iyi ndege yeSAR inogona kukwana vanosvika makumi maviri nevasere panguva imwe chete kana kuendesa nekufambiswa kwenguva imwe chete kwavanhu gumi nevashanu vakakuvara kuti vaburitswe mune zvekurapwa, uye izvi zvinopa kugona kwakakwanira kubviswa kwakawanda kana kukuru kwezvikamu zvevashandi vakakuvara.

Ndege dzeSAR muUS: mashandiro ehurumende uye ehondo

Muhondo yekutsvaga nekununura, US inoshandisa V-22 Osprey kuti ikwanise kusimuka uye kumhara munzvimbo dzakavharirwa dziri kure [8]. Iyo ine mukurumbira kune yayo inorereka rotor iyo inogona kupa yakakwira-performance vertical take-off. Marotor ayo anogona kugadzikwa pasi panguva yekubhururuka, kana kuti yakatwasuka uye nekudaro inoita kuti ibhururuke sendege ine mapapiro. Uyezve, ndege yeOsprey inokwanisa kuchengetedza mauto makumi maviri nemana bhodhi, izvo zvinoita kuti ive yakanyatsokodzera kune yakakura kutorwa kwevashandi vakakuvara panguva yehondo.

Zvichakadaro, iyo ndege yeHC-144 iri kuiswa neUnited States Coast Guard mukuita basa rekutarisa nekuona zviitiko zvegungwa. Ndege yeHC-144 iyo yavanoshandisa yakashongedzerwa zvishomashoma zvine hunyanzvi zvinosanganisira ma sensor ekutsvaga nekununura mamishini. Sezvo inogona kubhururuka inosvika kumaawa gumi, iyo HC-10 ndege inonyatsokodzera kutsvaga nekununura mishini dzinoda nguva yakareba yenguva yekufambisa mhepo [144].

 

Kuziva zvinowanzoitika pakati peSAR ndege - Nzira

1: XNUMX inoratidza nzira yekutevera yakateedzerwa nekudzidza uku. Zvichienderana nezvakawanikwa mune izvo zvinyorwa, ndege yeSAR inofanira kunge ichikwanisa kutakura mitero inobhadharisa iyo inogona kuve yakawandisa mune zvakasikwa. Ivo vanogona kuve ekurapa uye ekutsvagisa maturusi, vashandi vakakuvara, nevamwe.

 

Iyo ndege inofanirawo kukwanisa kubhururuka nehuremu hwakanyanya uye nemawere, kunyanya kudzivirira chero zvisirizvo mafirings kubva pasi munzvimbo dzehondo munzvimbo panguva dzehumisi. Zvakare, iyo ndege inofanirawo kuve inokurumidza uye yakakurumidza mukugara mhando dzakasiyana dzetrains panguva yekushanda kunge makomo nevamwe. Kutumira pane izvi, zvikamu zvishanu zvikuru zve ndege zvakatorwa muchidzidzo ichi kunyatsoratidza izvi zvinodiwa:

• kunonyanyisa kusimuka
• uremu hwese
• dungwerungwe
• dari
• kukurumidza kumhanya
• mwero wekukwira

Kuita ongororo yakapusa yakavakirwa pamusoro peiyo yakagadzikwa maparamendi, ivo vakaunganidza data yemakumi mana akasiyana ndege yakashandiswa mukutsvaga nekununura mamishoni. Kuongorora kwe40 yemhepo ndege yakakodzera kuwana mhedzisiro chaiyo. Vakashandisa nzira yekubatanidza mukufananidza kweiyo ndege yakazivikanwa makumi mana neruremekedzo nematanho mashanu [10]. Kana ongororo yacho yapera, iwo akajairika uye asina kujairika anozviratidza nenzira yakajeka, inoratidzwa pazasi.

 

Kuziva zvinowanzoitika pakati peSAR ndege - Zvawanikwa uye hurukuro

Figi. 2 inopa kuronga kwekutora kwakakura kwekuremerwa kweiyo yakajairwa kutsvaga nekununura mamishini ndege. Zvinogona

ziva kuti huwandu hwendege hune huremu hwakanyanya mudunhu repazasi rerongwa. Vakanyora kukosha kwakanyanya kunge mazana masere ezviuru ezviuru nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemaresi gumi nemakumi matatu emakirogiramu, neiyo kukosha kwegumi nematanhatu nemakumi matanhatu nenomwe kg sezvakaratidzwa mutsara unoreva muchimiro ichi.

72.5% yendege makumi mana ine huremu hwakakura hwese huri pasi pevhareji kukosha uye chete 40% iri pamusoro peizvozvo. Kubva pane izvi zvakawanikwa, kuderedzwa kuri nyore kunoita kuti vazhinji vevanoshanda vafarire kushandisa ndege yakareruka.

Izvi zvinogonawo kureva kuti munzvimbo zhinji dzekutsvaga nekununura dzinopinda, huwandu hwevanhu vanonangwa kuti vanunurwe kazhinji hushoma uye / kana ndege inotarisirwa kungobata zvishomashoma kana mashoma mashoma emidziyo.

3: 6,435 inoratidza iyo data yakapararira yeiyo ndege yekufungidzirwa yakashandiswa mukutsvaga nekununura mamishoni. Vanogona kuona kuti iyo yakareba-yakareba inogona kuitika kune imwe yeendege iri 350 km neipi pfupi pfupi renji iri chete 1,712 km. Paavhareji, iyo ndege inosimuka seinoratidzwa neyakaenzana mutsetse mune chiuru iri 40 km. Pane makumi mana emhepo anotariswa mukuongororwa, 70% yazvo chaizvo ine huwandu hwekugona iyo yakaderera kupfuura avhareji.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti 30% chete yavo inogona kusvika kubhururuka iri kure kupfuura neavhareji. Zvichienderana nezvekutarisa uku, isu tinogona nyore nyore kunyengedza kuti vanoshanda neiyo SAR ndege iyo inogona kungochinjisa chinhambwe chinhambwe kana kuvhara diki mishini yekutarisa inowanzo fambisa kutsvaga nekununura mamishoni.

Aya mamiriro anokwanisa zvakare kupedzerwa kune inowanikwa huwandu hwemagetsi egetsi tangi iyo pakupedzisira inogumira pakutsvaga kwavo uye kununura kushanda. Iyo data yakapararira yedenga remhepo kazhinji inoshanda kune yekutsvaga uye yekununura mamisheni inoratidzwa mu fig. 4.

Kubva pane iyo chiitiko, iyo yepamusoro soro yebasa rinokwenenzverwa kubhururuka nendege iri chingangoita gumi nemaviri km (kana 12.8 ft) uye yakaderera ndeye 41,995 km (kana 0.5 ft). Iko kukosha kwechikonzero chekubhururuka kweiyo ndege makumi mana yakaongororwa ndeye 1.532 km (kana 40 ft) uye izvi zvinoratidzwa neyakaenzana mutsara muchimiro.

Iko kunoratidzika kunge kune huwandu hwakaenzana hwendege ine chiitiko chekubhururuka chando pamusoro uye pasi pevhareji kukosha. Kunyanya, 55% yendege ine ndege yekumhara iyo iri pazasi pakati pemutsara asi iyo yemamwe makumi matanhatu muzana iri pamusoro pemutsara wepakati. Tsvagurudzo iyi inotungamira pakuderedzwa kuri nyore kuti musanganiswa weendege wanga uchishandiswa mukutsvaga nekununura mamisheni sezvo mashandiro angangoda kutsvaga kwakakwira nekudzikira.. Iko kusanganiswa kwekushanda kwakakwirira uye kwakadzika kweashure 'kunogona kufambisa optimization yekutsvaga nekununura misheni [12].

Figi. 5 inomhanyisa kumhanya kwakanyanya kunoitwa neiyo ndege yekutsvaga nekununura kunogona kuitika. Sezvinoratidzwa nedatha yakarongwa, ndege inomhanya kwazvo pakati pemakumi mana airatidzirwa ndege muchidzidzo ichi ine kumhanya kukuru kwe40 km neawa. Kusiyana neizvozvo, iyo inononoka ndege inomhanya kwazvo 860 km paawa.

Sezvinoratidzwa neavhareji mutsetse mune chiitiko, zvinoreva kuti kumhanya kwakanyanya pakati pe40 ndege iri kutenderera 372 km neawa uye huwandu hwayo (kureva 70% yavo) ine yakanyanya kumhanya pazasi kukosha uku. 30% chete ye40 ndege dzinomhanya kwazvo iyo yakakwira kupfuura avhareji. Kubva pane izvi, isu tinogona nyore kunyora kunyengedza kuti ndege zhinji dzeSAR hadzidi kuva nekumhanyisa.

Saizvozvo, isu tinogona kufunga uye sarudza inononoka kumhanya ndege kupfuura vamwe. Nekufamba nekukurumidza, zvimwe zvakakosha zvekutsvaga nekununura mamishoni zvinogona kufuratirwa uye zvakare kupotsa. Sezvakataurwa mu [13], kushanda zvishoma kwekumhanya kunobatsira kuona kuti kutarisa panguva yekutsvaga kunoitwa chaizvo.

Kugumisira asi kusiri kupedzisira. Fig. 6 inoratidza chiyero chekukwira dhata ndege makumi mana dzave dzichishandiswa kwazvo mukati

kutsvaga nekununura mamishoni. Pakati pavo vese, iyo inokwanisika yepamusoro yekukwira ndeye 2,073 m / min (kana 6800 ft / min) uye yakaderera muyero wekukwira wawanikwa uine anenge 229 m / min (kana 750 ft / min). Ruzhinji rweaya ndege, kana anosvika makumi manomwe neshanu muzana, ane chiyero chekukwira chiri pasi pesvikiro sekuratidzwa nekuve pazasi pemutsetse mune chiitiko. Ivhareji yekukwira kweiyo ndege ye72.5 inokwana kuita mazana manomwe nemakumi matanhatu nenomwe (/ 40 ft / min).

Ne 27.5% chete yendege inokwanisa kukwira nehuremu hwakanyanya kupfuura avhareji yekukwira, kuderedzwa kuri nyore kunogona kuitwa kuti zvakakosha kuti ndege dzinoshandiswa mukutsvaga nekununura mamishini dzigone kukwira nekukurumidza sezvazvinogona. Izvi zvinonyatsoenderana nenyaya yekuti mishoni dzakadaro dzinowanzoitwa padiki zvishoma kuitira kuti kuongororwe kutsvaga kwevanopona kana kukuvara.

Kunyatsotarisa pane iyo ndege ine huwandu hwakakwira hwekukwira, ivo vanonyanya kuve rudzi rwemauto eredhiyo akadai seGHV XC-142, Beriev Be-42 Albatros naKazan Ansat, anoshandiswa munhandare yehondo. Kuti uwane kutsvaga kwakadaro uye kununura mamishoni mukati mehondo nzvimbo, zvinodikanwa kuti iyo ndege inokwanisa kukwira nekukurumidza mushure mekununura muroyi kuitira kudzivirira moto wemuvengi pasi. Zvese mune zvese, izvo zvinowanikwa kubva kuongororo yekufananidza pakati pe40 inofungidzirwa ndege inonyorwa muTafura I.

 

SAR ndege dzehunhu: mhedziso

Kubva pane zvakawanikwa pakutsvagisa kwendege makumi mana inoshanda kutsvaga nekununura mamishinari, maitiro akati wandei ekutsvaga nekununura ndege akagadzikwa zvichitarisa panhanho shanu dzakakosha: huwandu hwehuremu hwakakura, huremu, hwindo hwendege, huwandu hwekumhanyisa uye huwandu hwekukwira.

Tinogona kugumisa kuti huwandu hwendege dzeSAR dzine hushoma pamadhara ekubhadhara kutakura zvombo uremu kana vashandi vakakuvara. Uye zvakare, isu tinotarisira kuti iyo ndege mumisheni yakadaro inovhara chikamu chidiki chepakati panguva yekutsvaga nekununura mashandiro, ayo anoratidzwa nekudzikira kwemhando dzakasiyana. Sezvo kugona kwebasa rekutsvaga nekununura kunogona kuvandudzwa nekuve nekutsvaga panzvimbo dzakakwirira uye dzakaderera, kune kugona kwakakwana kwendege pakati pendege rinoshandiswa.

Pakupedzisira, zvichienderana nekubudirira kwekushanda, ivo vakaona kuti chinowanzoitika chekumhanya uye chiyero chekukwira kwendege chinogona kunge chiri kunyanya kumugumo wezasi. Zvese mune zvese, nezvakawanikwa izvi, zvinopa zvimwe zvimisikidzo mune dhizaini uye zvakare mishando zvinodiwa kune imwe ndege iyo yakakodzera kushandiswa mukutsvaga nekununura mamishoni. Ivo vanofanirwa kuita hutsva uye hunyanzvi kuongororwa kuti vawedzere kunzwisisa kweairi ndege.

 

References

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5. Airbus, C295 - Iyo Yakanyanya Kusiyana uye Inoshanda Tactical Yezvekutakura Ndege [Online]. Inowanikwa: www.airbus.com/defence /c295.html
6. MaDhiza Agetsi maindasitiri, DA42: Tsanangudzo Yekukwana [Online]. Inowanikwa: www.diamonda ndege.com/en/flight-school-solutio n / ndege / da42 / pamusoro /
7. AC313 [Online]. Inowanikwa: www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/chi na / ac313.htm
8. Boeing, V-22 Osprey [Online]. Inowanikwa: www.boeing.com/defense/ v-22-osprey /
9. HC-144A Ocean Sentry Medium-Range Kuongorora Ndege [Online]. Inowanikwa: www.homelandsecurity-technology.com/projects/hc144a-oc ean-sentry-surveillance-ndege-uscg /
10. K. Cherry, "Heuristics uye cognitive biases," Cognitive Psychology, Chikunguru 2019
11. SE DeFranzo, "Kubatsira kwekuyambuka-kunyora muongororo yekuongorora," SnapSurveys, Chikumi 2012
12. IK Ha, "A probabilistic chinangwa chekutsvaga algorithm yakavakirwa pakubatana kwehukama hwekuvandudza kukurumidza kwemadrons," Sensors, vol. 18, 2018
13. RCW 47.68.380: Kutsvaga Kwemhepo uye Kununura. Washington: Washington State Department of Transportation, 2008

VANHU

MOHD HARRIDON BIN MOHAMED SUFFIAN

MOHAMMAD KHIR HARUN

MUHD SIV AZHAR MERICAN ABDULLAH

MUHD KUSVIRA MAULA KAMARUDDI

 

 

VERENGA ZVIMWE

Tsvaga uye Kununura MuUK, Chikamu chechipiri CheSAR Privatization contract

Folding Drones YeSAR Mashandiro? Idea Inouya Kubva kuZurich

HEMS Uye SAR: Ko Mushonga Pane Ndege Amburenzi Inovandudza Upenyu Hunoponesa Ne Helikopta?

SOURCE

ResearchGate

 

References

Spanish Avhi yekuchengetedza Agency

Mhepo yeAmbulance yeLondon

Ministry of Hutano Malaysia

United States Coast Guard