Ucwaningo oluningi mayelana nokuphathwa kwekhwalithi ezifundweni ze-ERC lwalunobufakazi obuphansi, i-National Resuscitation C Council (NRCs) yethule inhlolokhono ukuthola ukuthi ngabe iluqalile noma yiluphi uhlelo lokuphatha ikhwalithi ibe yizifundo eziqinisekisiwe ze-ERC nokuthi lwenziwa kanjani ezingeni likazwelonke ngokusebenzisa amadivaysi okuphendula , ukuthembeka okuphezulu kwe-manikins, ukumbumbuluzwa kanye nezinto zangaphandle.

 

SEPTEMBA 14, 2018 - Ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi ye-European Resuscitation Council (ERC) ekufundiseni ukwesekwa kwempilo: inhlolovo kuyo yonke imikhandlu yeNational Resuscitation (ISINGENISO)

Ababhali

• URenier Walter S [1], uKhalifa Gamal Eldin [2], uKrawczyk Paweł [3], uTruhlář Anatolij [4] noRaffay Violetta [5]
• UMnyango wezeMpilo kaHulumeni kanye nokuNakekela okuPhezulu (Practice General), KU Leuven, eNyuvesi yaseLeuven, Leuven, eBelgium futhi Umkhandlu waseBelgium wokuBusa kabusha, eBrussels, eBelgium
• I-2 Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Hospital Hospital futhi I-Egypt Resuscitation Council, i-Cairo, i-Egypt
• Umnyango we-3 we-Anaesthesiology kanye neMithi Yokunakekelwa Okujulile, i-Jagiellonian University Medical College, eCracow, ePoland
• Amasevisi Ezokwelapha Eziphuthumayo ze-4 esifundeni saseHradec Králové, uHradec Králové, Czech Republic futhi Umnyango we-Anaesthesiology kanye neMithi Yokunakekelwa Okujulile, Isibhedlela Se-University Hradec Králové, uHradec Králové, Czech Republic
• Umkhandlu we-5 weSerbian Resuscitation, uNovi Sad, eSerbia

Umlando kanye nezimpande zekhwalithi zingalandelwa emuva emakhulwini eminyaka lapho izingcweti ziqala ukuhleleka ezinhlanganweni zokubambisana ezibizwa ngokuthi izinhlangano. Lapho i-Revolution Yezimboni ifika, izinhlelo zokuphathwa kwekhwalithi zakuqala zasetshenziswa njengamazinga alawulwa umkhiqizo kanye nemiphumela yokusebenza. Njengoba abantu abaningi bekufanele basebenze ndawonye ukuze bakhiqize imiphumela kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamanani okwenyuka, kwakudingeka imikhuba engcono ukuqinisekisa imiphumela yekhwalithi.

Lokhu kuyiqiniso futhi Izifundo ze-European Resuscitation Council (ERC). The Imihlahlandlela ye-2015 ERC futhi Ukuvumelana ngokuphathelene nesayensi ngezincomo zezokwelapha (CoSTR) kwi-Education, Implementation kanye namaqembu [2] agcizelela izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokulondoloza impilo Ukusekelwa kokuSisekelo koMpilo (BLS) nokubaluleka, izinga eliphezulu ukuvuselelwa kwe-cardiopulmonary (CPR): okungukuthi isilinganiso sokucindezelwa, ukujula, ukuphinda kube yisikhashana, nokuma okuncane kwesifuba kokuncishiswa kwesifuba. Kwakunobufakazi obuphansi kakhulu obuphansi kakhulu obumenyezelwe cishe kuzo zonke izifundo ezigxile kwikhwalithi yamakhono okuvuselelwa kwangaphambi kwesibhedlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-heterogeneity phakathi kwezifundo ibikhona futhi cishe kuzo zonke izifundo. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luqinisekisile lokho okutholakele.

Izinto ezihlukahlukene zithinta izinga lokufundisa futhi ngenxa yalokho Ukulethwa kwe-CPR, futhi nasekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi. Amadivaysi okuphendula, isb. Lawo wokulinganisa ukucindezela kwesifuba ngesikhathi sokuqalwa kokuvuselelwa, anika umphumela ongcono wokuphela kovivinyo kunokuhlola komfundisi kuphela. Noma, kusengaphazamisa. Muva nje uPavo et al. ubonile ukuthi impendulo eqondiswa ngumuntu yinhle njengokufana (ngedivayisi) impendulo. UCheng et al. waphetha ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-manikins aphezulu we-fidelity manikins yoqeqesho lokusekelwa kwempilo ehambisanayo kuhlotshaniswa nezinzuzo ezilinganiselwe zokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwamakhono ekugcineni kwesifundo, okuqinisekisa okutholwe yi-CoSTR. Emazweni anemali ephansi, engakwazi ukukhokhela ama-manikins aphezulu, ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi yezifundo kanye nabafundisi kungathuthukisa umphumela. Ukulingisa kuthuthukisa amakhono nolwazi, kepha akuthuthukisi ikhwalithi ngoba ngama-50% kuphela amaqembu amathathu abahlanganyeli afinyelele ekunciphiseni esifubeni. Ababhali beCoiff babuye bazibuza ukuthi ngabe abafundi abathola izifundo zokuzifundisa kufanele babe nekhono elingcono ekusebenzeni kwangempela futhi baphinde bathuthukise izinga lokubuyiswa kwegazi okuzenzakalelayo (ROSC) nokusinda ekuchithekeni kwezibhedlela uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abathola izifundo zendabuko. Yize, muva nje, uYeung et al. kufakazelwe ukuthi imiphumela iba ngcono ngokuhlanganiswa kokuzifundisa nokuzilolonga kobuso.

 

Ikhwalithi nayo iyathinteka yizici zangaphandle: ikhwalithi yamakhono iyancipha kungakapheli unyaka. Ngakho-ke, i-ERC incoma ukuthi kubuye kubuye umzimba njalo. Noma kunjalo, isikhathi esiphakathi kokuqeqeshwa asaziwa empeleni. Ukwenza ngcono ukuxhumana okubuthakathaka kwe-Chain Yokusinda (isib. Ama-CPR amaningi, ababukeli abaqeqeshiwe, ukudluliswa okungcono kwemininingwane yezingcingo eziphuthumayo, njll.), Bekuhlangene nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi ye-ALS nokunakekelwa kwangemva kokuvuselelwa, okuhambisana nokuhambisana kukhulu ukusinda ngemuva kokuboshwa kwenhliziyo ngaphandle kwesibhedlela (OHCA). Lolu cwaningo, luqhathanisa umphumela wokushintshwa kwezinkombandlela ze-ERC phakathi konyaka we-2005 nowe-2015 bathola ukuthi ukuboshwa okuthusayo kwehle, ukuthi bekukhona ababoshiwe abambalwa, ukuthi isikhathi sokuphendula sanda kepha ukuthi ukusinda okuphelele kukhuphukile, ikakhulukazi eqenjini elincane lalapho bekubone khona i-VF / VT ukuboshwa nge-aetiology yenhliziyo. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje luqinisekise lokho kuthambekela. Asikwazanga ukukhomba noma yiliphi iphepha ngokuphathwa kwekhwalithi kwezifundo ze-ERC noma kukhwalithi yokufundisa neyokuphendula kwabafundisi nabaqondisi bezifundo. Noma kunjalo, umthelela walelo khwalithi ekuqeqeshweni kwamakhono phakathi nezifundo ubaluleke kakhulu njengokusebenzisa ukumbumbuluzwa, ama-manikins aphezulu, amadivaysi okuphendula njll. Ukuziphendulela kothisha kuya ngesitifiketi sabo nokuhlolwa kwabo. Ukusebenzisana kwabantu nakho kunomthelela ekusebenzeni okuhle kokhetho. Ngenxa yokungafani kwemiphumela ngokusho kwezici ezishiwo ngenhla kanye nokungabikho kobufakazi obuphathelene nekhwalithi yokufundisa nokuqeqesha ngokwabo, ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi, kunokuba kulawulwe izinga, kuyadingeka. Sihlose ukwazi ukuthi ngabe iNational Resuscitation Councils (NRCs), abalingani be-ERC, benza noma yikuphi ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi ngezifundo futhi uma kunjalo, ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani, ngubani onomthwalo wemfanelo, ukuthi ubhalwe kanjani nokuthi yini engenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lemfundo ye-ERC futhi lula ukuthuthukiswa kwabafundisi ezikoleni.

Ucwaningo emikhandlwini kazwelonke yokuvuselelwa ngokuphathwa kokusekelwa kwempilo - IZINDLELA

NgoJanuwari 2017 wonke ama-33 NRC amenywe ngama-imeyili aqondile athunyelwe kubantu abaxhumana nabo be-NRC ukugcwalisa inhlolovo enhlobonhlobo mayelana nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi ezweni labo. Lolu cwaningo lwalayishwa ku- Iwebhusayithi ye-ERC. Ukuvumelana kwempendulo yokugcina yale nhlolovo kwafinyelelwa ngokusebenzisa indlela yeDelphi, ngaphambi kokuyithumela kuma-NRCs. 

Ngemuva kokuhlonza i-NRC nomuntu ophendulayo, lolu cwaningo lwaluhlanganisa imibuzo eyishumi nanhlanu ehlanganisa izihloko eziyisishiyagalombili. Imibuzo emine yayinombalwa kuphela, i-qualitative eyishumi kuphela, kanye neyodwa ehlanganisiwe neyokulinganisa. Imibuzo elandelayo yasetshenziswa:

•  Ingabe i-NRC yakho yenza noma yikuphi ukulawula kwekhwalithi ku-ERC izifundo?
• Yiziphi izifundo ozenza ngazo ukulawula izinga?
• Ngubani obhekele ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi?
• Ihlelwe kanjani?
• Ubani onelungelo lokwenza ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi?

Kubhalwe kanjani?

- Ingabe i-NRC yakho inezinhlobo ezithile zamadokhumenti amarekhodi okulawula izinga?

- Kungakanani izinga lokulawulwa kwekhwalithi eyenziwa ngohlobo ngalunye lwezinhlelo ezweni lakini? Sicela, ulinganise isilinganiso sokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuzo zonke izikhathi ezihleliwe (ku-%).

- Ungathanda yini ukuba nethuluzi lokulawulwa kwekhwalithi le-intanethi elifakwe ku-Course System (ethokomele) (isib. Impendulo ngabakhanti kanye / noma abafundisi)?

- Amazwana neziphakamiso mayelana nethuluzi lokulawulwa kwekhwalithi ku-intanethi kufakwe phakathi kocansi (isib. Impendulo ngabakhanti kanye / noma abafundisi)?

• Ucabanga ukuthi izakhiwo ezifanele ze-ERC (isib. Amakomidi ezifundo zomhlaba jikelele) kufanele zaziswe ngemiphumela yokulawulwa kwekhwalithi eyenziwa ezingeni likazwelonke?
• Ingabe i-NRC yakho ihlela noma yiziphi izinsuku zokufundisa noma izinkundla zokufundisa zabaqeqeshi be-ERC kanye / noma abaqondisi bezinkambo?

Amazwana neziphakamiso mayelana nezinsuku zokufundisa noma izinkundla zokufundisa zabaqeqeshi be-ERC kanye / noma abaqondisi bezinkambo

• I-ERC ingahle ibe lula kanjani ukulawula ikhwalithi ezweni lakini? Unayo iziphakamiso ze-ERC?

- Noma yimaphi amanye amazwana?

Zonke izimpendulo zifakiwe ekuhlaziyeni. Ngombuzo ngamunye, izimpendulo ezifanayo ezivela kuma-NRC ahlukene zangezwe ndawonye futhi zahlelwa ngokokubaluleka kwazo (inani lezimpendulo ezifanayo). Uma kwenzeka umuntu othintana ne-NRC avumela ukufinyelela ocwaningweni kubantu abangaphezu koyedwa, zonke izimpendulo zifakiwe kepha zihlanganiswe nempendulo eyodwa yalelo lizwe. Uma kunezimpendulo eziphikisanayo, i-NRC yabuzwa futhi ukuthi ichaze imininingwane. Abaphenyi baqhathanisa izimpendulo ezifanele ukuze babe yimiphumela ebonakalayo. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa ikakhulu ne-AT. Uma kwenzeka noma yikuphi ukungabaza, umcwaningi wesithathu wayebandakanyeka.

 

Ucwaningo kuyo yonke imikhandlu kazwelonke yokuvuselela impilo ekuphathweni kokusekelwa kwempilo - IZIPHUMO

Amashumi amabili namashumi ayisithupha ukusuka ku-33 NRCs (79%) (Umfanekiso 1) athumele amafomu we-31 impendulo emuva: i-NRC eyodwa ithumele amafomu amathathu okuphendula kanye namafomu amathathu e-NRC amabili. Lezi zinto, njengoba kuchazwe, zihlangene kwifomu eyodwa ye-NRC eqondene.

Ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi: Akuzange kwenziwe ku-NRC ayisishiyagalolunye (i-35% ye-26 ifaka ama-NRC). Izizathu zazingakaze zicatshangelwe (n = 2), azikho izisebenzi zokuvolontiya (n = 2), zahlelwa ukuthi zingasetshenziswa (n = 1), ayikho ifomethi noma ithuluzi (n = 1), kwakungakaze kuboniswe ukwenza kanjalo (n = 1) futhi ama-NRC amabili akanikanga amazwana (ithebula 1). Ama-NRC angu-17 athi umsebenzi wokuphathwa kwekhwalithi ku-ERC izifundo (ithebula le-1). I-ALS ne-BLS yizona ezihlanganisiwe kakhulu.

Inhlangano kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphathwa kwekhwalithi: Ngokuvamile ibanjwe yi-NRC (n = 5), ngezinye izikhathi ngumxhumanisi wezinkambo (n = 1), uthisha (n = 1), ngekomidi ethize (n = 2) noma umqondisi wekhwalithi (n = I-1). Kwezinye i-NRC umqondisi wemfundo kazwelonke (NCD) wayengumuntu ophethe (n = 3), umqondisi wezemfundo (CD) (n = 3) yedwa noma kanye nomhleli wezinkampani (CO) (n = 1). Uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lezinhlobo zezinhlobo eziqondiswe emzimbeni ophethe, umqondisi wekhwalithi, i-NCD, ikomidi noma uthisha oqondiswe phakathi kwezinhlobo zemfundo ezinhlanu kuya kweyisithupha, kuyilapho ama-CD kanye nama-NRC kuphela enza amabili noma amathathu.

Amadokhumenti asetshenzisiwe: Ama-NRC amahlanu asetshenziswe amafomu akhethekile (amafomu okuphendula noma amafomu okulawula ikhwalithi ngokusekelwe ekuboneni kweCD). Amanye ama-NRC asetshenziselwa imibuzo yemibuzo yemiphumela (n = 1), umbiko we-course (n = 3). Ku-NRC eyodwa i-NCD ihlola imibiko yenkambo. Imibiko ibhalwe ephepheni kuphela (n = 9), ephepheni elihlanganiswe nerekhodi le-elektroniki (n = 2) noma lihlanganiswe nevidiyo (n = 2), noma nge-elektroniki kuphela (n = 1). Enye i-NRC ayilondolozi irekhodi futhi amabili ayiphenduli. Amaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye kulawo ma-17 NRCs (53%) anombhalo othize wolawulo lwekhwalithi ye-ERC.

Inani lezifundo eziqondisiwe: Eziyishumi nanhlanu ezivela ku-16 NRCs zanikeze ukulinganisa, ngamaphesenti, kwenani lezinhlobo zohlu oluthile ababhekene nekhwalithi (Ithebula 2). Izwe elilodwa kuphela aliqondanga izifundo ezihlelekile ze-BLS. Nakuba, i-BLS ne-ALS yizifundo ezivame ukuqondiswa (ngokulandelana yi-9 ne-14 NRCs). Ama-NRC ayishumi nane aqondisa i-62% yazo zonke izifundo ze-ALS (ububanzi: 10-100%) futhi ama-8 NRC aqondisa i-43% yazo zonke izifundo ze-Generic Instructor Courses (GIC) (ububanzi: 50-100%). Kwamanye amazwe inani liphansi (Ithebula 2). I-NRC yaseJalimane ayinikezanga ukulinganisa ngezifundo ezihleliwe. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuthi baqondisa noma cha. Ukulinganisa kwe-Dutch NRC akufakiwe ngoba impendulo yayingacacile: banikeza inombolo eyodwa kuphela kuzo zonke izifundo ngaphandle kohlelo lwe-European Pediatric Intermediate Life Support (EPILS).

Ithuluzi lokuphendula: Amaphesenti angu-16 avela ku-26 aphendula ama-NRCs (94%) asho isidingo se-intanethi. I-NRC emibili inikeze "Akukho ukuphawula" futhi akukho nhlobo impendulo. Amaphesenti ayisithupha ku-11 ama-NRC abonise ukuthi angathanda ukuba nefomu lokubuyisa i-intanethi yabafundi, ama-CO, ama-CD, abaqeqeshi abagcwele (i-FI), abaqeqeshi be-Instructor (IT), abaqeqeshi be-instructor (IC) noma abafakizicelo be-Instructor Trainer (ITC). Ama-NRC amane ayefuna ukutholakala kwefomu le-elekthronikhi ngendlela elula, noma elula ukusebenzisa igridi yokuhlola noma ifomu, njengoba kutholakala ohlelweni lokuphatha inkambo endala (CMS). Omunye i-NRC ubuze ngqo ithuluzi lokuphathwa kwekhwalithi ye-intanethi.

Ukuqapha: Ama-NRC ayisikhombisa avumelana ukuthi iKomidi leSayensi nezeMfundo (SEC) kufanele litshelwe mayelana nekhwalithi yezemfundo; Ama-NRC ayisishiyagalombili ahlongozwa ukukwenza kuphela uma kunezinkinga. Impendulo engalungile ivela kuma-NRC amabili.

Isifundisi sikazwelonke noma somhlaba wonke noma usuku lwe-CD: Ama-NRC ayisishiyagalolunye ahlezi ngokwabo usuku lokufundisa noma i-workshop yabaqeqeshi be-ERC kanye / noma abaqondisi bezinkambo. Ama-NRC amabili ayihlele. Enye i-NRC ibhekisele ukungabi khona kwabantu okuzoyihlela futhi omunye wayengekho abafundisi okwamanje. Lapho ihleliwe, imihlangano yenzeke phakathi kabili ngonyaka kuze kube njalo eminyakeni emibili. Kungaba usuku olulodwa noma olulodwa lwezinsuku ezimbili. Abahleli yi-NRC noma ikomidi elithile. Okuqukethwe kugxile emibonisweni, emisebenzini, ekubuyekezeni nasezingxoxweni zamakhono, ukuze kuhlanganiswe amakhono kuwo wonke ama-CD, ama-FIs nabafundi abafundisayo. Ukwengeza, ama-NRC asho ukuthi adinga izinsuku zokufundisa ezingeni laseYurophu, futhi acela ama-workshops amaningi ngesikhathi se-ERC. Ama-NRC amathathu awazange athi.

I-ERC ingakwazi yini ukusiza ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi? Izimpendulo zahluke kakhulu. Ama-NRC amahlanu acela ithuluzi elithile kanye nokukhuthazwa kokuphathwa kwekhwalithi futhi abathathu kubo bahlolisisa ukucwaninga okuvamile nge-faculty noma abacwaningi bangaphandle (kusuka kwamanye amazwe ukuze balondoloze izinga eliphezulu nempendulo yemigomo) kanye nabameleli be-NRC. Ukubandakanyeka kwama-NRC ekuphathweni kwekhwalithi kuyimpoqo (n = 2).

Iziphakamiso ze-NRCs: I-ERC kufanele ibe nomxhumanisi wokuphathwa kwekhwalithi ekhethekile futhi okulula ukuyisebenzisa lapho kusetshenziselwa khona izindawo ezinhle (amafomu okuphendula…) noma ithuluzi ukuze uqhathanise ukusebenza kwezifundo phakathi kwama-NRCs kanye naphakathi kwamaNRC (njengoba ayekhona ngaphambili). Baphinde baphakamisa ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izinga lokuphendula elibi ngabahlanganyeli kwifomu lempendulo yezifundo kwaba ukuxhumanisa ukugcwaliswa kwefomu lokuphendula kanye nokulandwa kwesitifiketi sezifundo.

 

Ucwaningo kuyo yonke imikhandlu kazwelonke yokuvuselela impilo ekuphathweni kokusekelwa kwempilo - ISINQUMO

Le nhlolovo yabonisa ukuthi ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi kuye kwaba yizifundo ezinhlobonhlobo ze-ERC. Ingxenye kuphela ye-NRCs isetshenzisile noma iyiphi ithuluzi lokuphatha ikhwalithi ye-ERC izifundo. Ama-NRC amabili kuphela asebenzisa ifomu lokuphathwa kwekhwalithi ehlelekile.

Sakwazi ukufinyelela isilinganiso se-79% sempendulo ye-NRCs, amalungu we-ERC. Ngakho-ke, singaphetha ngokuthi imiphumela yocwaningo ibonisa umbono jikelele.

Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kwenziwa ngokuyinhloko kwi-BLS, ALS kanye ne-Generic Instructor izifundo. Ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi emazweni angamalungu e-ERC akufani. I-NRC ngayinye isebenzisa iphepha elihlukile noma amafomu e-electronic, noma inqwaba yabantu yokuphatha ikhwalithi; laba bantu babevame ukuzibandakanya kulezi zifundo. Ngeshwa, asizange sikwazi ukubona izibonelo zamathuluzi noma okuqukethwe okusetshenziselwa ukulawula ikhwalithi noma amanye amafomu azo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo noma zekhwalithi yokufundisa.

Kubukeka sengathi ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinga lokuphathwa kwekhwalithi kwi-NRC kanye nenani lezinhlobo zemfundo eziqondisiwe: izinga eliphakeme (ikomidi lekhwalithi nokufana), izinhlobo eziningi zezinkambo ezihlelwe. Amazwe amaningi acabanga ukuthi ukuqoka umqondisi wekhwalithi kufanele kube isinyathelo esizayo. I-Dutch NRC yabika akukho phesenti: ngakho-ke asikwazanga ukuchaza ukuthi zingaki izifundo zohlobo olulodwa lwezinkambo ezaziqondisiwe.

Amadokhumenti ahlongozwayo anikeze ulwazi mayelana nendlela inkambo eqhutshwa ngayo, indawo kanye / noma okuqukethwe komkhakha. Kwakungenalo ulwazi lomgomo mayelana nokusebenza kwe-CO, i-CD noma abafundisi. Noma kunjalo, ukusebenza kwabo ekufundiseni kanye / noma kumakhono noma ukukhombisa amakhono kunomthelela obalulekile kumakhono olwazi kanye nolwazi.

Cishe wonke ama-NRC alindela ifomu le-elektroniki lokulawula ikhwalithi. Kunesidingo sokudala ithuluzi elinjalo ngu-ERC. Kumele kube izinga eliphakeme futhi lisebenzise ifomu elilula, lilungiswe uhlobo lohlobo ngalunye futhi luhlanganiswe ku-Cozy. Imiphumela kufanele itholakale ku-NRC noma i-NCD efanele ngokufinyelela okukhethwa kwamanye amaqembu lapho kudingeka khona, okungukuthi i-SEC efanele. Ama-NRC alindele usizo lwangaphandle kuphela kumacala ezinzima. Uma izinga lilawulwa futhi lingalawulwa, lokhu kuzokwehlisa ukwesaba okukhulu kwe-NRCs.

Kukhona ama-NRCS athola izifundo zokuhlola i-ERC nabantu abathile bevela ezweni noma bevela phesheya. Ngeshwa, abazange basebenzise ifomu elifanako nelithile. Enye yemiphumela yalezi zincwadi zokuhlola kanye nemibiko iyafana nenye ye-NRC kwenye. Iningi lala macala abikiwe alihloliswanga ku-situ ngababukeli abazimele, okungahambisani nemithetho yokuhlola. Ama-NRC asho amafomu wempendulo ehlukene noma imibiko, enikeza umbono omuhle kodwa oyingxenye mayelana nekhwalithi. Umdlandla uyisilinganiso esibalulekile sekhwalithi [16,17], kodwa intshiseko noma ukunganeliseki kwabaqondisi, abafundisi noma abakhethiweyo babala imibiko yenkambo ngokuzithoba, kuyilapho lesi sici esibalulekile ekulinganiseni umbono wabo ngekhwalithi ekhishwe [19]. Ngenxa yalokho okubili, izibukeli ezizimele ziyadingeka.

I-audit ihlola ngokuhlelekile isimiso sekhwalithi sakha esikoleni futhi kufanele senziwe ngabacwaningi bangaphakathi noma bangaphandle noma ithimba lokucwaninga, ngezikhathi ezichazwe ngaphambilini futhi ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokuhlola eqinisekisiwe [19]. Ukuhlola kungenye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokuqapha futhi indlela ephumelelayo yokugwema ukukhathazeka nokuqokomisa izimo eziwohloka kancane, ikakhulu uma ukucwaninga kungagxili nje ekulandeleni kodwa ngokuphumelelayo [20]. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa kwezinhlaka ezintsha ekulawuleni izinga, ngokusekelwe ezincwadini ezibhalwe phansi kanye nezinqubo ezibhalwe ngokucacile, kufanele ziqaliswe. Labo abazofaka isicelo sokubhalisa okunjalo ngeke bahileleke ngokuqondile ekuqhubeni izifundo kepha babeyosebenza njengezimele ezizimele ezikhundleni zabaphathi bamazinga angaphakathi nangaphandle.

Ithuluzi lokuphatha ikhwalithi lase lilungiswe yiqembu le-ERC lokuphatha ikhwalithi futhi lixoxwa ngesikhathi se-ERC Course Director Day ngo-2017 yi-NCDs ekhona emhlanganweni. Emva kwalokho imibono yabuzwa futhi ngenxa yalokho, iqembu elisebenzayo lakha idokhumenti yokugcina. Ukubona ikhwalithi ehlelekile kuyo yonke i-NRC, umuntu udinga umxhumanisi, ochwepheshe obhekene nokuphathwa kwekhwalithi, okwazi ukuqonda nokwenza imisebenzi ye-quality officer ukuze enze i-NRC ngayinye ikhule emsebenzini wayo wokuphatha izinga. Lo muntu kufanele axhumane neqembu le-ERC yokuphatha ikhwalithi yekhwalithi kuze kube yilowo nalowo i-NRC izokwazi ukuba nomxhumanisi wayo noma iqembu lekhwalithi.

Amandla alesi sifundo ukuthi sikwazi ukukhombisa isidingo salo thuluzi nokuhlelwa kwe-homogenisation yokuphathwa kwekhwalithi ye-ERC. Kukhona nokunye ukulinganiselwa. Sasingenaso ithuba lokubona izibonelo zamathuluzi noma okuqukethwe okusetshenziselwa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi noma amanye amafomu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo noma ngokuphathelene nekhwalithi yokufundisa. Ama-NRC kuphela we-13 ahlela usuku lomfundisi noma umhlangano wabaqeqeshi be-ERC kanye / noma abaqondisi bezinkambo. Lo mbuzo unomkhawulo oqinile, ngoba awuzange uceliwe kuma-NRC ongazange ahlele noma yikuphi ukulawula kwekhwalithi kepha angase ahlele izinsuku ezinjalo noma imihlangano yokuvuselela. Asazi ukuthi yiziphi i-NRC ezingaphenduli ezenzayo.

QAPHELA IMIBONO: SOURCE

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EMINYE IMIHLANGANO EZIQINILE:

I-PROJECT: ERC Research Net - i-2nd ERC Research Summer School

 

I-ERC 2018 - Isitatimende esivela eMkhandlwini Wokuvuselela iYurophu mayelana nokushicilelwa kwecala lePARAMEDIC 2

 

"Uhlelo lokusebenza lwepikiniki oluzwisisayo" - umbono wase-Italy wethulwe yi-ERC