Psychological Disaster: tanthauzo, madera, ntchito, maphunziro
Psychology ya masoka imatanthawuza gawo la psychology lomwe limagwira ntchito zachipatala komanso zachitukuko pakagwa masoka, masoka komanso mwadzidzidzi/mwachangu.
Nthawi zambiri, ndi mwambo womwe umaphunzira machitidwe amunthu, gulu komanso anthu ammudzi pakagwa mavuto.
Psychology ya masoka, chiyambi ndi madera
Wobadwa kuchokera ku zopereka za psychology yankhondo, zadzidzidzi zamisala ndi Zowopsa Health Mental, yakula pang'onopang'ono ngati njira zochitirapo kanthu ndipo, koposa zonse, zitsanzo za "kupanga malingaliro" a chidziwitso, malingaliro, ubale ndi psychosocial zomwe zimachitika mwadzidzidzi.
Ngakhale zitsanzo za Anglo-Saxon zimakonda njira yachidziwitso-khalidwe, yovomerezeka kwambiri komanso yogwira ntchito (koposa zonse kupyolera mu CISM paradigm ya Mitchell, ya 1983 - ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa njira yofotokozera - nthawi zina mwanjira ina yosatsutsika), zitsanzo za ku Ulaya. (makamaka Chifalansa) amalimbikitsa masomphenya ophatikizika a kulowererapo mwadzidzidzi, nthawi zambiri komanso pamalingaliro a psychodynamic (onani pankhaniyi zopereka zoyambira za Francǫis Lebigot, Louis Crocq, Michel DeClercq, otchedwa "Val-de-Grace School") .
Malo osagwiritsa ntchito azachipatala a psychology yangozi
Nthawi zambiri molakwika komanso mocheperako kusokonezedwa ndi psychotraumatology ndi PTSD therapy (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), yomwe m'malo mwake imakhala magawo apadera a psychotherapy, psychology yadzidzidzi imayimira kuwongolera kwakukulu, komwe kumatsata bolodi pokonzanso malingaliro ndi zopereka zofufuza zochokera kunthambi zosiyanasiyana za psychology (zachipatala, zamphamvu, zachikhalidwe, zachilengedwe, psychology yolumikizana ndi anthu ambiri, ndi zina), kuwasintha kuti aphunzire zamalingaliro omwe amachitika muzochitika "zachilendo" ndi " zochitika zowopsa".
Mwachidule, pamene mbali yaikulu ya psychology ya chikhalidwe imakhudzana ndi machitidwe a psychic (chidziwitso, maganizo, psychophysiological, etc.) zomwe zimachitika pansi pa "zachilendo", psychology yadzidzidzi imakhudza momwe njirazi zimasinthira mosinthika muzochitika "zowawa".
Kuphunzira momwe mwana amadziwonetsera yekha mwachidziwitso, ndikuyesa kupeza mgwirizano mumkhalidwe wosokonezeka (zaumoyo wadzidzidzi, a. chitetezo cha boma kusamutsidwa); momwe kuyankhulana pakati pa anthu kumasinthidwira muzochitika zamagulu zomwe zimachitika pangozi; momwe machitidwe a utsogoleri ndi machitidwe a anthu amasinthira mkati mwa gulu lomwe likukhudzidwa ndi zochitika zovuta; za momwe kukhala wa chikhalidwe china, ndi mtengo wake ndi zophiphiritsa, kungathe kukonzanso zomwe munthu akumva pamene ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri, zonsezi ndi mitu ya "non-clinical" psychology yadzidzidzi.
Ntchito zachipatala
Kumbali inayi, madera ogwiritsira ntchito maganizo odzidzimutsa pazachipatala ndi, mwachitsanzo, maphunziro odzitetezera kwa ogwira ntchito yopulumutsa (gawo lofunika kwambiri), mwachitsanzo ndi njira za Psychoeducation (PE) ndi Stress Inoculation Training (SIT); Thandizo lachangu pazochitika ndi upangiri wachindunji (gawo lofunika kwambiri), kuphatikizapo kusokoneza ndi kuchotsera anthu ogwira nawo ntchito; njira zilizonse zokambitsirana, kuwunika kotsatira ndi chithandizo chapakati pa munthu payekha, gulu ndi mabanja (gawo lovuta kwambiri).
Tiyenera kuzindikira momwe chithandizo chadzidzidzi chachipatala cha psychology chadzidzidzi chingaperekedwe kwa "oyamba" omwe akuzunzidwa (omwe akhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi chochitika chovuta kwambiri), kwa "wachiwiri" (achibale ndi / kapena mboni zachindunji za chochitikacho) ndi "apamwamba" (omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu) opulumutsa omwe adalowererapo, omwe nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi zovuta kwambiri).
Akatswiri a zamaganizo adzidzidzi, chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwawo pafupipafupi ndi zochitika zowawa za mtundu wina wa odwala omwe amagwira nawo ntchito, ali pachiopsezo chochuluka kusiyana ndi zochitika za vicarious traumatization, motero ayenera kukhazikitsa njira zingapo za "kudzithandiza. ” kuchepetsa chiwopsezochi (mwachitsanzo, zokambirana zapadera, kuyang'anira kunja pambuyo polowererapo, ndi zina zotero).
Zochitika zaukadaulo ndi chitukuko mu psychology yangozi
Gawo lofunikira laukadaulo wa akatswiri azamisala yadzidzidzi (kuphatikiza maluso ofunikira a "wopulumutsa", luso lapadera la akatswiri amisala, komanso luso lakatswiri pakuwongolera zochitika pamavuto), nthawi zonse ayenera kukhala mu- chidziwitso chozama cha dongosolo la chithandizo, bungwe lake ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito omwe amakhudzidwa ndi "ochita" ena a zochitika zadzidzidzi; kufunikira kogwira ntchito molumikizana kwambiri ndi "pragmatic" komanso zochitika za bungwe ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pazantchito zamaganizidwe pakagwa mwadzidzidzi.
Mphamvu zamabungwe zomwe zimachitika pakagwa mavuto zimaphunziridwa makamaka ndi gawo lazadzidzidzi la psychology la bungwe
Kumbali ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuphunzira za "kuzindikira zoopsa" ndi "kulumikizana kwachiwopsezo" ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazadzidzidzi zadzidzidzi, makamaka zothandiza pakumvetsetsa ziwonetsero zomwe anthu ali nazo zamitundu ina ya zoopsa, komanso kukhazikitsa kothandiza komanso kothandiza. mauthenga okhudzana ndi mwadzidzidzi.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, zitsogozo zapadziko lonse lapansi za gawoli zayamba kutsindika kwambiri kufunika kophatikiza njira zachikhalidwe zama psychology zadzidzidzi, makamaka zomwe zimayang'ana pazachipatala (munthu kapena gulu), ndi chidwi chodziwika bwino pamalingaliro am'maganizo, ammudzi komanso azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. za kulowererapo komwe kunachitika.
Katswiri wazamisala wadzidzidzi sayenera kungochita ndi "chipatala" cha "anthu olekanitsidwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika", komanso komanso koposa zonse ndi kasamalidwe kachitidwe ka zochitika zama psychosocial ndi anthu ammudzi, momwe mwadzidzidzi zidachitika ndipo tanthauzo lake limapangidwa. yemweyo.
Mwachitsanzo, pazidzidzidzi zazikulu (masoka, masoka, ndi zina zotero), kuwonjezera pa kulowererapo kwavuto panthawi yachangu, katswiri wa zamaganizo wadzidzidzi ayenera kuthandizira pakukonzekera kwapakati pa ntchito zothandizira anthu; kugwirizana pakati pa chithandizo chachindunji m'mizinda ya mahema ndi mgwirizano ndi ntchito zaumoyo; kuthandizira pakuyanjana ndi kuthetsa kusamvana pakati pa anthu ammudzi, komanso pakati pa anthu oyandikana nawo; ntchito zothandizira pakuyambiranso ntchito zamaphunziro (thandizo la aphunzitsi pakuyambiranso ntchito zapasukulu, upangiri wama psychoeducational, etc.); kuthandizira njira zopatsa mphamvu m'maganizo ndi m'madera; ku chithandizo chamaganizo, monga mabanja, magulu ndi madera akubwezeretsa "malingaliro awo amtsogolo", ndipo pang'onopang'ono ayambiranso kukonzekera zochita zawo, kumanganso malingaliro omwe alipo muzochitika zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasintha kwambiri zachilengedwe ndi zinthu.
Pa mlingo wa mfundo zambiri za kulowererapo, kutsatira zomwe zimatchedwa "Carcassonne Manifesto" (2003) ndizofala ku Italy:
- Kuvutika si matenda
- Chisoni chiyenera kupita njira yakeyake
- Kudzichepetsa pang'ono kumbali ya misala
- Yambitsaninso zochita za anthu omwe akhudzidwa
- Kulemekeza chuma cha anthu amisinkhu yonse
- Wopulumutsayo ayenera kudzisamalira yekha
- Kulowerera m'maganizo kosalunjika komanso kophatikizana
- The mwachindunji maganizo alowererepo akatswiri
Mfundo iliyonse ikugwirizana ndi malingaliro achibale ndi malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito, opangidwa ndi makina a "gulu logwirizana" pamlingo wa dziko ndi ku Ulaya.
Maphunziro aukatswiri ndi kudziwika
Katswiri wazamisala wadzidzidzi sayenera kukhala "katswiri wazamisala wachipatala", koma katswiri wazamisala wosunthika, wokhoza kusuntha kuchokera kumagulu azachipatala kupita kuzinthu zama psychosocial ndi bungwe, kuphatikiza ndikusintha zopereka zapadziko lonse lapansi zamagulu osiyanasiyana amisala.
Komanso m'lingaliro limeneli, katswiri wa zamaganizo wadzidzidzi ayenera kupeza, panthawi ya maphunziro ake, luso linalake lapadera mu njira, malingaliro ndi njira zogwirira ntchito zopulumutsira (zonse zaukadaulo ndi zamankhwala), kuti athe kugwira bwino ntchito mkati mwawo; zomwe zinachitikira m'mbuyomu ndi maphunziro monga Civil Protection kapena wodzipereka wachipatala nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati ziyeneretso zoyenera kuti athe kupeza maphunziro apadera monga katswiri wa zamaganizo.
Kufalikira makamaka ku dziko la Anglo-Saxon kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, chilango cha maganizo odzidzimutsa chafalikira ku Italy m'zaka zaposachedwa, kumene chayamba kukhala phunziro la maphunziro a yunivesite m'mayunivesite osiyanasiyana.
Zambiri mwa kukwezedwa koyamba ndi chitukuko cha maganizo odzidzimutsa a ku Italy, onse mu "chitetezo cha anthu" komanso "mgwirizano wapadziko lonse", adachitidwa ndi mabungwe odzipereka odzipereka, monga Psychologists for Peoples ndi SIPEM SoS - Italy Society of Emergency. Psychology Social Support.
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