Zininzi iindlela zokukhangela kunye nokuhlangula (i-SAR) zeenqwelomoya kwaye wonke umntu uphendula kwiimfuno zelo lizwe. Ngenxa yokuhluka kwabo ngokwayilo kunye nokusebenza kokubhabha, kuya kuba kuhle ukuhlalutya kwaye uchonge neempawu zabo. Iphepha elikhutshwe ziingcali kwi-EMS kunye nemibutho yeAvi eMalawi.

Ulwazi lweempawu eziphambili zophando kunye nokuhlangula (i-SAR) inqwelomoya ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kusebenza njengesikhokelo sesalathiso kuyilo lweendlela ezizayo. Okanye, ubuncinci, iya kusebenza ekukhetheni iindiza ezifanelekileyo ezikhoyo kwintengiso ukuze zisetyenziselwe ukukhangela kunye nokuhlangula. Ngokusekwe kolu luvo, uMlawuli weSibhedlele weNkonzo yezeMpilo eMalaysian kunye nabanye abaqeqeshi beenqwelomoya kunye neendawo zoncedo wakhupha uhlalutyo olwenziwe ngedatha yembali yenqwelomoya esetyenziswe kwimishini ye-SAR kwihlabathi liphela ukubonisa iiparitha eziphambili eziqwalaselweyo.

Ukuze wenze utyelelo olukhethekileyo lwe-SAR, ukukhangela kunye nokuhlangula inqwelomoya, nokuba kukwicandelo lezorhwebo okanye lezomkhosi, kufuneka uhambelane nemigaqo ebekiweyo ngabasemagunyeni belizwe.

I-SAR moya eSpain naseOstreliya

Umzekelo, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweeNqwelomoya yaseSpain iyalela ukuba nayiphi na inqwelo moya ephakathi kolawulo lwabo ebandakanyekayo kumyalezo wokukhangela nokuhlangula ukuze ulawulwe ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yokhuseleko. Ngaphaya koko, e-Australia, apho uphicotho-zincwadi lwenziwa ngexesha kwabo basebenza ngenqwelomoya ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwabo kunye nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo, igunya likwazilungiselele zonke iindiza ezibandakanyekayo kwimishini ye-SAR.

Khangela kunye nokuHambisa umzekelo wenqwelo moya eFransi

IAerospatiale yaseFransi kunye neNqwelomoya yase-Westland zenza iAerospatiale SA342 Gazelle. Yindiza enamaphiko ajikelezayo eneenjongo zomkhosi njengokusetyenziswa okuphambili. Ewe, nokuba ilula, ifakwe imijukujelwa kangangokuba inokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokulwa umpu. Nangona kunjalo, kufanelekile ukuba isetyenziselwe i-scout kunye nomsebenzi wokuhlangula, obaluleke kakhulu ekukhangelo nasekuhlanguleni u-mishini [3].

Umzekelo weenqwelo moya ze-SAR e-UK

Okwangoku, umoya waseLondon Ambulance ikakhulu isebenzisa i-MD 900/902 Explorer yeenkonzo zonyango ezingxamisekileyo kunye nokukhangela nokuhlangula [4]. I-MD 900/902 ime ngxi ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kwayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zomoya, eluncedo olukhulu lokusetyenziswa kwinjongo yokukhangela nokuhlangula, ngakumbi kwiimeko ezinzima.

Ngaphaya koko, iAirbus iphuhlise inqwelomoya ye-EADS C-295 ekwaziyo ukuhamba nokuhamba ngenqanawa nolwandle, ekwayinxalenye yomsebenzi wokukhangela nokuhlangula. Le nqwelomoya i-SAR igcwele iinjini ezimbini ze turboprop kwaye iyilelwe ukuba ikwazi ukwenza i-mission kuzo zonke iimeko zemozulu, iyenze ukuba ibe nokuguquguquka, inamandla kunye nendiza ethembekileyo [5].

Kuthekani nge-SAR e-Austria?

Ukongeza, eOstriya, iMizi-mveliso yeNdiza yeDayimane yakha inqwelomoya ye-DA42. Ibonakalise ukuba yoyilo oluyimpumelelo lomsebenzi welizwe lokuwela. Kwimishini ye-SAR, ewe, kufanelekile ekusebenzeni njengoko i-Austria inolwakhiwo oluthile lweentaba kwaye luhlanga oluvaliweyo. I-DA42 inokuphathwa ngokulula kwaye inokuzinza okulungileyo kunye nolawulo, oku kubalulekile kulo naluphi na uvavanyo lwe-agency ende [6].

I-China, ukuqalwa koPhando olukhethekileyo kunye noKhenketho

Kwelinye icala, iChina ibonelela ngeAvlicter AC313. Yindiza ejikelezayo ephethe iphikoji enkulu enokuthi inikeze ithuba elikhulu kwibhodi yesithuba sokubamba ngakumbi ngonyango okanye okunye ukukhangela kunye nokuhlangula izixhobo [7]. Le nqwelo moya ye-SAR inokulingana ukuya kuthi ga kubakhweli abangama-27 ngexesha elinye okanye indawo yokudluliselwa ngaxeshanye kwabantu abenzakeleyo abali-15 ukuba bafuduswe, kwaye oku kubonelela ukubanakho okukhutshiweyo okanye kwinqanaba elikhulu lokukhupha abasebenzi abonzakeleyo.

I-moya ye-SAR e-US: imisebenzi yaseburhulumenteni neyomkhosi

Kwimishini yokukhangela kunye nokuhlangula, i-US isebenzisa i-V-22 Osprey ukuze ihambe kwaye ihlale kwiindawo ezikude ezivaliweyo [8]. Idume ngeerotors zayo ezithambekileyo ezinokunika ukusebenza okuphezulu okuthe nkqo. Iirotha zayo zinokumiswa ngokuthe nkqo ngelixa lokubhabha, okanye ngokuthe tye kwaye ngenxa yoko iyenza ikwazi ukubhabha njengenqwelomoya enamaphiko asisigxina. Ngaphaya koko, inqwelomoya yeOsprey inamandla okubamba ukuya kuthi ga kwimikhosi engama-24 ibhodi, eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwesikali esikhulu sabasebenzi abalimele ngexesha lokulwa.

Ngeli xesha, inqwelo-moya ye-HC-144 isasazwa ngunogada wase-United States kunxweme ekuhloleni nasekwenzeni umsebenzi wolwandle kwakhona. I-HC-144 inqwelo-moya abayisebenzisayo ixhotyiswe kakuhle ngezixhobo ezizodwa ezikhethekileyo kubandakanya izenzisi zokukhangela kunye nokuhlangula. Kuba inokubhabha ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezili-10, inqwelo moya ye-HC-144 ilungele kakhulu ukukhangela kunye nokuhlangula kwaye ifuna ixesha elide lokuhamba kwenqwelo moya [9].

 

Ukuchonga iidinomineyitha phakathi kweenqwelo moya zeSAR -Iindlela

Umzobo 1 ubonakalisa inkqubo-sikhokelo eyalandelwa lolu phononongo. Ngokusekwe kokufunyenwe kuncwadi, inqwelomoya yenqwelomoya ye-SAR kufuneka ikwazi ukuthwala imithwalo enokulayisha ngokugqithileyo kwindalo. Zingaba zizixhobo zonyango kunye nezokujongwa kwakhona, abasebenzi abonzakeleyo, kunye nabanye.

 

Iinqwelomoya kufuneka zikwazi ukubhabha ngokuhamba imigama emide kunye nokuphakama, ngakumbi ukunqanda nayiphi na iifayile ezingafunekiyo ezivela emhlabeni kwiindawo zemfazwe ngexesha lemishini. Ngaphaya koko, inqwelomoya kufuneka ikwazi ukukhawuleza kwaye ibenamendu ekuhlawuleni iintlobo ngeentlobo zeetrains ngexesha lokusebenza njengezintaba kunye nezinye. Ukufaka isiseko koku, iiparameter eziphambili zeenqwelomoya ezintlanu zithathiwe kolu phononongo ukubonisa kakuhle ezi mfuno:

• ukuhamba okuphezulu
• ubunzima obukhulu
• uluhlu
• ilitye
• isantya esiphezulu
• umgangatho wokunyuka

Ukwenza uhlalutyo olulula olusekwe kwiiparamitha ezintlanu ezisekwe, baqokelela idatha yeenqwelo moya ezahlukeneyo ezingama-40 ezisetyenziselwe ukukhangela nokuhlangula []]. Uhlalutyo lwedatha yeenqwelo moya ezingama-10 kufanelekile ukufumana isiphelo esichanekileyo. Basebenzise indlela yokubeka kwinkqubo yokuthelekisa inqwelomoya eqatshelweyo malunga neeparamitha ezintlanu. Nje ukuba uhlalutyo lugqitywe, iidinomineyitha eziqhelekileyo kunye nezingaqhelekanga zibonakaliswe ngeendlela ezibonisa imizobo, eziboniswe apha ngezantsi.

 

Ukuchonga iidinomineyitha phakathi kweenqwelo moya zeSAR-Iziphumo kunye nengxoxo

Umzobo 2 ubonakalisa isiza sobunzima obukhulu bokuthatha amandla obukhulu bokukhangela kunye nokuhlangula inqwelo moya. Inga

Qaphela ukuba uninzi lweenqwelomoya zinobunzima obukhulu bokuhamba kwindawo esezantsi yesakhiwo. Babhala elona xabiso liphezulu njenge-86,000 kg ngelixa elona xabiso liphantsi liyi-930 kg, kunye nexabiso le-16,144.65 kg njengoko kubonakalisiwe ngumgca osetyenzisiweyo kwisiza.

Iipesenti ezingama-72.5 zeenqwelomoya ezinobunzima obukhulu obuphakathi kwexabiso eliphakathi kwaye ngama-40% ngaphezulu koko. Ukusuka koku kufunyanwe, kuncitshiswa lula kwenziwa ukuba uninzi lwabasebenza ngokuzithemba luqeshe inqwelo moya elula.

Oku kunokubandakanya ukuba kuninzi lokukhangela nokuhlangula, inani labantu ekujongwe ukuba lisindisiwe lihlala lincinci kwaye / okanye inqwelomoya kulindeleke ukuba ibambe isixa esincinci okanye ezimbalwa izixhobo.

Umzobo 3 ubonakalisa ukusasazeka kwedatha yomoya oqwalaselweyo osetyenziselwe ukukhangela nokuhlangula. Banokujonga ukuba lelona nqanaba lide kakhulu elinokufikelelwa yenye yeenqwelomoya zi-6,435 km logama owona mgama mfutshane ungama-350 km kuphela. Ngokomndilili, umda wenqwelomoya njengoko uboniswe ngumgca ophakathi kwisakhiwo siyi-1,712 km. Kwiinqwelomoya ezingama-40 eziqwalaselwe kuhlalutyo, iipesenti ezingama-70 zazo eneneni zinomthamo omkhulu ongaphantsi komndilili.

Oku kuthetha ukuba ngama-30% kuphela anokufikelela kwinqanaba lokubhabha ngaphezulu komndilili. Ngokusekwe kolu phononongo, singakwazi ngokulula ukurhwebesha ukuba abaqhubi ngenqwelomoya ye-SAR abanokuhamba umgama omfutshane nje okanye bagubungele umjikelezo omncinci womsebenzi ubukhulu becala baqhuba uphando lokuhlangula.

Le meko inokuba negalelo kumthamo ofumanekayo wetanki yeenqwelo moya enomkhawulo wokukhangela nokuhlangula kwabo. Iinkcukacha ezisasazeka kwisakhiwo senqwelomoya zihlala zisebenza kukhangelo lokuhlangula kuboniswa kumzobo 4.

Ukusuka kwiza, inkonzo ephezulu yokufikeleleka kwindiza yinqwelomoya yimalunga ne-12.8 km (okanye i-41,995 ft) kwaye eyona yona iphantsi imalunga ne-0.5 km (okanye 1.532 ft). Ixabiso elichanekileyo lesilinganisi seenqwelomoya kwinqwelomoya ehlaziyiweyo zii-40 km (okanye i-6.5 ft) kwaye oku kuboniswe ngumgca ophakathi kwisakhiwo.

Kubonakala ngathi phantse inani elilinganayo leenqwelo moya elinokusebenza kwendawo yokubaleka ngaphezulu nangaphantsi kwexabiso eliphakathi. Ngokukodwa, iipesenti ezingama-55 zediza inesilinganisi sendiza esingaphantsi komgca ophakathi ngelixa enye i-45% ingaphezulu komgca ophakathi. Oku kukhokelela kukhokelela ekutsaleni ngokulula ukuba umxube wenqwelomoya usetyenzisiwe ukukhangela nokuhlangula imisebenzi njengoko imisebenzi inokubandakanya ukukhangela okuphezulu nokuphantsi.. Umxube wokusebenza okuphezulu nokuphantsi okuphezulu 'unako ukwenza kube lula ukukhangela kunye nokuhlangula [12].

Umzobo 5 ubonakalisa isantya esiphezulu esinokufikelelwa ngaso ngenqwelomoya. Njengoko kubonisiwe ngedatha eyakhiweyo, inqwelo moya ekhawulezayo phakathi kweenqwelomoya eziqwalaselweyo kwesi sifundo inesantya esiphezulu se-40 km ngeyure. Ngokuchasene noko, isantya seenqwelomoya sinesantya esiphezulu se-860 km ngeyure.

Njengoko kubonisiwe kumgca ophakathi kwisakhiwo, isantya esiphezulu phakathi kwenqwelomoya 40 simalunga ne-372 km ngeyure kwaye uninzi lwazo (okt 70% yazo) inesantya esiphezulu esingezantsi kolu xabiso. Yi-30% kuphela yeenqwelo moya ezinesantya esiphezulu esiphezulu kune-avareji. Ngokusekwe koku, sinokulula ngokulula ukuba uninzi lweenqwelo moya ze-SAR azidingi kukhawuleza.

Inyaniso, sinako ukuqwalasela kwaye sikhethe ukuhamba ngesantya seenqwelomoya ngaphezu kwabanye. Ngokuhamba ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, ezinye iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo zokukhangela nokuhlangula zinokungahoywa kwaye ziphoswe. Njengoko kuchaziwe [13], ukuqhuba ngesantya esiphezulu kuya kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukujonga ngexesha lokukhangela kwenziwa kakuhle.

Eyokugqibela kodwa engancinananga. Umzobo 6 ubonakalisa inqanaba lokunyuka kwedatha yeenqwelo moya ezingama-40 ezisetyenziswe ngokulula

uphando kunye nokuhlangula. Kuzo zonke, elona nqanaba liphezulu lokufikelelwa lokunyuka limalunga ne-2,073 m / min (okanye i-6800 ft / min) kwaye elona zinga liphantsi lokunyuka lifunyenwe limalunga ne-229 m / min (okanye i-750 ft / min). Uninzi lwezi moya, okanye malunga ne-72.5% yazo, inomgangatho wokusebenza ongaphantsi komndilili njengoko kubonisiwe ngokuba ngaphantsi komgca ophakathi kwisakhiwo. Umgangatho ophakathi wokukhwela inqwelomoya enqwelwayo umalunga nama-40 m / min (okanye 635 ft / min).

Ngama-27.5% eenqwelo moya kuphela anakho ukunyuka ngomgangatho ophakathi wokukhwela, ukuncitshiswa okulula kungenziwa ukuba kunyanzelekile ukuba inqwelomoya osetyenziswayo ukukhangela kunye nokuhlangula uthumele ukuze ukwazi ukukhwela ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuhambelana ngokuchanekileyo nenyaniso yokuba imishini enjalo ihlala iqhutywa ngesantya esincinci ukwenzela ukuba kukhangelwe ukukhangela abasindileyo okanye iingozi.

Ukujonga ngokuthe kratya inqwelomoya enezinga eliphezulu lokunyuka, ubukhulu becala luhlobo lomkhosi wenqwelo moya enje nge-LTV XC-142, Beriev Be-42 Albatros neKazan Ansat, ezisetyenziswa kwindawo yedabi. Kukhangelo olunje kunye nokuhlangula kwiindawo zokulwa, kuyinto enqwenelekayo ukuba inqwelo moya ikwazi ukukhwela ngokukhawuleza emva kwesiza sokuhlangula ukuze kuthintelwe umlilo weentshaba emhlabeni. Konke konke, iziphumo ezivela kuhlalutyo lokuthelekisa phakathi kweenqwelomoya eziqwalaselweyo zichazwe kwiTafile I.

 

Iimpawu zeenqwelo moya zeSAR: izigqibo

Ukusuka kwiziphumo zohlalutyo kwiinqwelomoya ezingama-40 ezisebenza ngokukhangela kunye nokuhlangula, iimpawu ezininzi zokhangelo oluqhelekileyo kunye nokuhlangula ngenqwelomoya zisekwe ngokusekwe kwiiparamitha ezintlanu ezibalaseleyo: ubunzima obukhulu bokuhamba, umda, isantya sendiza, isantya esiphezulu kunye nenqanaba lokunyuka.

Singagqiba kwelokuba uninzi lweenqwelo moya zeSAR zinomthamo omncinci ngokwemigqaliselo yemithwalo yokuthwala ubunzima okanye izixhobo ezenzakeleyo. Ngaphaya koko, silindele ukuba inqwelomoya kwimisebenzi elolu hlobo igubungele umjikelezo omncinci ngexesha lokusetsha kunye nokuhlangula, okubonakaliswa kukubanamandla aphantsi. Ukusukela ngokusebenza kokukhangela nokuhlangula kunokuphuculwa ngokuba nokhangelo kuzo zombini iindawo eziphakamileyo nezisezantsi, kukho indawo elungeleleneyo yokuhamba ngenqwelomoya phakathi kwendiza esetyenziswayo.

Okokugqibela, ngokusekwe kwintsebenzo esebenzayo, bafumanisa ukuba isantya esiqhelekileyo kunye nenqanaba lokunyuka kwendiza inokuba ikakhulu kwisiphelo esisezantsi. Konke kuyo yonke loo nto, ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo, zibonelela ngokubonakalayo kuyilo kunye neemfuno zokwenza umsebenzi wenqwelomoya ofanelekileyo ukuba usetyenziselwe ukukhangela uhlangulo. Kuya kufuneka benze uhlalutyo olutsha kunye neenkcukacha ukufumana ulwazi ngakumbi ngezi moya.

 

IZALATHISO

1. Ukujongwa kwakhona kokuJongana kokuKhangela kunye nokuSebenza (SAR) iiAviation eIreland. IDublin: iSebe lezoThutho lase-I-Ireland, elezoKhenketho kunye neMidlalo, ka-2018
2. IGazelle Viviane SA 342 M1 [Kwi-Intanethi]. Iyafumaneka: https: //www.defense. gouv.fr/english/node_64/equipements/materiels-specifiques/alat/comba t / gazelle-viviane-sa-342-m1
3. Umkhosi waseBritane, Isixhobo seenqwelomoya - iGazelle [Online]. Iyafumaneka: www.army.mod.uk/equuzzle/a ndiza /
4. Ii-helikopta ze-MD, MD 902 Explorer [Kwi-Intanethi]. Iyafumaneka: https: // www. mdhelicopters.com/md-902-explorer.html
5. I-Airbus, C295 -Iyona Nqwelo-moya eyahlukeneyo yokuHamba kunye neNqwelwayo [kwi-Intanethi]. Iyafumaneka: www.airbus.com/defence /c295.html
6. Imizi-mveliso yeeNdiza zeDayimani, i-DA42: Inkcazo yokugqibeleleyo [kwi-Intanethi]. Iyafumaneka: www.diamondairl.com/en/flight-school-solutio n / inqwelomoya / da42 / isishwankathelo /
7. I-AC313 [Kwi-intanethi]. Iyafumaneka: www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/chi na / ac313.htm
8. I-Boeing, V-22 Osprey [Kwi-Intanethi]. Iyafumaneka: www.boeing.com/defense/ v-22-osprey /
9. I-HC-144A Ulwandlekazi iSentry Medium-Range Surveillance Airport [Kwi-Intanethi]. Efumanekayo:
10. K. Cherry, "Heuristics kunye nengqondo yokucwangcisa," i-Cychitive Psychology, kaJulayi 2019
11. I-SE DeFranzo, "Izibonelelo zokumiliselwa kukuhlaziywa kovavanyo," SnapSurveys, nge-2012 kaJuni
12. I-IK Ha, "Inkqubo yokujongwa kwe-algorithm ekujoliswe kuyo esekwe kwintsebenzo ye-hierarchical yokuphucula ukukhawuleza kwee-drones," "Sensors, ivol. Ngomhla we-18, 2018
13. I-RCW 47.68.380: UkuKhangela kwi-Aerial kunye noKuhlangulwa. I-Washington: iSebe lezoThutho laseWashington, ka-2008

ABASEBENZI

I-MOHD HARRIDON BIN MOHAMED SUFFIAN

I-MOHAMMAD KHIR HARUN

U-MUHD SIV AZHAR UMERICAN ABDILIAH

I-MUHD FAIZ MAULA KAMARUDDI

 

 

FUNDA KUNYE

Khangela kunye nokuhlangula e-UK, iSigaba sesiBini seKhontrakthi ye-SAR yabucala

Ukwenza iifolda kwi-SAR? I-Idea ivela eZurich

I-HEMS NE-SAR: Ngaba uMayeza kwi-Ambulensi yoMoya uya kuphucula u-Mishini yokusindisa ubomi ngee-Helikopta?

SOURCE

Uphando

 

IZALATHISO

I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweAnga yaseSpain

IAmbulensi yoMoya yaseLondon

Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezempilo

EUnited States Guard Coast