DNA: ka mole i hoʻololi i ka biology
He huakaʻi i ka ʻike ʻana o ke ola
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o DNA ke kū nei ʻo ia kekahi o nā manawa koʻikoʻi i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻepekema, e hōʻailona ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi au hou i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ola ma ka pae molekala. ʻOiai ʻo James Watson a Francis Crick ʻike pinepine ʻia me ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano helix pālua o DNA i ka makahiki 1953, he mea nui ia e ʻike i ka hāʻawi kumu o Rosalind Elsie Franklin, nona ka noiʻi koʻikoʻi i kēia ʻike.
Rosalind Elsie Franklin: He Paionia Poina
ʻO Rosalind Franklin, he kanaka ʻepekema Pelekane maikaʻi, ua hana nui i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka DNA ma o kāna hana paionia me X-ray crystallography. Ua loaʻa iā Franklin nā kiʻi kikoʻī o DNA, ʻoi aku ka mea kaulana Kiʻi 51, i hoike maopopo mai i ka ʻano helix pālua. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike piha ʻia kāna haʻawina i kona wā e ola ana, a ma hope wale nō i hoʻomaka ai ke kaiāulu ʻepekema e hoʻolauleʻa i kāna kuleana koʻikoʻi i kēia ʻike kumu.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka DNA: The Code of Life
DNA, a i ʻole waikawa deoxyribonucleic, he mole paʻakikī i loaʻa ka nā kuhikuhi genetic kumu pono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hana ʻana, a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā mea ola a pau a me nā maʻi maʻi he nui. ʻO kona ʻano he ʻano helix pālua, i ʻike ʻia e James Watson, Francis Crick, a, mahalo i nā haʻawina kumu a Rosalind Franklin, ua lilo ia i hoʻokahi o nā hōʻailona ʻike ʻia i ka ʻepekema.
Aia kēia ʻano helix pālua ʻelua kaula lōʻihi ʻeha a puni kekahi i kekahi, e like me ke alapiʻi spiral. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu o ke alapiʻi e nā kumu kumu nitrogenous, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā paʻa hydrogen. ʻO nā kumu nitrogenous adenine () koumine (T), cytosine (C), a guanine (G), a ʻo ke kaʻina i loaʻa ai lākou ma ke kaula DNA ʻo ia ke code genetic o ke kino.
Ua haku ʻia nā kaula DNA pulapula o ke (deoxyribose) a nā hui phosphate, me nā kumu nitrogenous mai ke kō e like me nā alapiʻi. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano i ka DNA e hana hou a hoʻoili i ka ʻike genetic mai kekahi kelepona i kekahi a mai kekahi hanauna a i kekahi. I ka wā o ka hana hou ʻana o DNA, wehe ʻia ka helix pālua, a lilo kēlā me kēia kaula i kumu hoʻohālike no ka synthesis o kahi kaula hoʻohui hou, e hōʻoia ana e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia keena kaikamahine ke kope pololei o ka DNA.
ʻO ke kaʻina o nā kumu i loko o DNA e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā waikawa amino i loko o nā protein, ʻo ia nā molekole e hana i nā hana koʻikoʻi i loko o nā cell. Ma o ke kaʻina o ka transcription, ua kope ʻia ka ʻike genetic i loko o ka DNA ʻelele RNA (mRNA), a laila unuhi ʻia i loko o nā protein i loko o nā ribosomes o ke kelepona, ma muli o ke code genetic.
Ka hopena o ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻepekema hou
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ʻano helix pālua o DNA ua paʻa i ke ala no ka holomua kipi i ke kahua o ke ola honua, genetics, and medicine. Hāʻawi ia i ke kumu no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike genetic heritably a pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i nā maʻi. Ua hoʻoulu kēia ʻike i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana diagnostic hou, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā hoʻopololei genetic, hoʻololi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka biotechnology.
Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻike: ka hoʻoilina o ka ʻimi noiʻi
ʻO ka moʻolelo o ka loaʻa ʻana o DNA he mea hoʻomanaʻo o ka ʻano hui like o ka ʻepekema, kahi e hana nui ai kēlā me kēia haʻawina, inā ma ka ʻike maka a ʻaʻole paha, i ka holomua o ka ʻike kanaka. ʻO Rosalind Franklin, me kāna hoʻolaʻa a me kāna hana hoʻoikaika, ua waiho i kahi hoʻoilina mau loa ma mua o kona ʻike mua ʻana. I kēia lā, hoʻoulu ʻia kāna moʻolelo i nā hanauna hou o nā ʻepekema, e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka kūpaʻa, makemake, a me ka ʻike kūpono i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema.
I ka hopena, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ʻano o ka DNA he hana nui ia o ka hui pū ʻana a me ke akamai o kēlā me kēia kanaka, me Watson, Crick, a me Franklin, e wehe pū ana i nā mea huna o ka mole o ke ola. Ke hoʻomau nei kā lākou hoʻoilina i ka ʻepekema, e wehe ana i nā manawa pau ʻole no ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka noiʻi genetic a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
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