ʻO ka make ʻeleʻele: kahi pōʻino i hoʻololi i ʻEulopa
Ma lalo o ke aka o ka make: The Arrival of the Plague
I loko o ka puʻuwai o ka 14th kenekulia, ʻEulopa ua hahau ʻia e kāna maʻi maʻi ʻino loa i ka mōʻaukala: ka Mate ʻeleʻele. Ma waena o 1347 a me 1352, ua laha ʻole kēia maʻi, me ka waiho ʻana i kahi ʻāina o ka make a me ke kaumaha. ʻO ka bacteria Yersinia pestis, lawe ʻia e nā ʻauʻau o nā ʻiole, ua hōʻike ʻia he ʻenemi make no ka ʻāina i ka manawa i mākaukau maikaʻi ʻole e kū i kēlā pōʻino. ʻO ka maʻi ahulau, e hōʻea ana i ʻEulopa ma o nā ala kalepa moana a me ka ʻāina, ua luku nui ʻia ʻo Italia, Palani, Sepania, a me Kelemania, e kāʻili ana i kahi kokoke. 30-50% o ka heluna kanaka o Europa i na makahiki elima wale no.
Ma waena o ka ʻepekema a me ka superstition: pane i ka contagion
ka nawaliwali kino i ke alo o ke ahulau ua ikeia. ʻO nā kauka Medieval, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā manaʻo kahiko a me ka ʻike ʻole o ka bacteria, ʻaʻole i hana nui i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi. ʻO nā kūlana maʻemaʻe o ka manawa, markedly indequate, a me ka nā hana quarantine mua ʻaʻole i lawa ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka laha o ka maʻi lele. No laila ua loaʻa i ka Black Death ka mana e hoʻoholo i nā kaiāulu holoʻokoʻa, e alakaʻi i ka heluna kanaka i ka hana kaʻawale a me ka pule ʻo ia wale nō ka puʻuhonua mai ka pōʻino.
A Transformed Europe: Social and Economic Consequences
ka ka hopena o ke ahulau ʻaʻole wale nō ka heluna kanaka akā i ka pilikanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai. ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻana o ka poʻe hana i hana i ka hapa nui o ka hana, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka piʻi ʻana o ka uku a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o nā mea ola. Eia naʻe, ua hui pū ʻia kēia hoʻololi ʻana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻāʻī o ka nohona, me nā haunaele a me nā kipi e haʻalulu ana i ke kumu o ka hui feudal. Eia kekahi, ke hopena ma ka moʻomeheu ua ʻike ʻia, me ka manaʻo hou o ka fatalism i loko o ka noʻeau, ka palapala, a me ka hoʻomana o ia manawa.
ʻO ka Make ʻEleʻele ma ke ʻano he Huli
ʻO ka make ʻeleʻele i hōʻike ʻia a huli ana ma ka moolelo Europa, ʻaʻole wale no kona mau hopena pōʻino wale nō akā no kona mau hopena lōʻihi i ka nohona pili kanaka, hoʻokele waiwai, a me ka moʻomeheu o ka ʻāina. Ua hōʻike ka maʻi maʻi i ka nāwaliwali o ke kanaka i nā ikaika o ke ʻano, e koi ana i ke kaiāulu i kahi kaʻina lohi akā mau ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana e hoʻolalelale i ke ala no ka wā hou.
kumu