Mawu akuti 'war psychopathology' mu psychiatry ndi psychology amatanthauza mawonetseredwe onse amthupi amthupi, aliyense payekhapayekha komanso gulu, kuyambira pompopompo kapena mochedwa, komanso ndi chisinthiko chokhalitsa kapena chokhalitsa, chomwe chimagwirizana mwachindunji, ngati sichokha, chokhudzana ndi zochitika zapadera. cha nkhondo

War psychopathologies, zachipatala ndi pathogenic mbali

Matenda a Psychopathological nthawi zambiri amapezeka limodzi ndi nkhondo.

Zitha kuwoneka kumayambiriro kwa mkangano, pamene kukangana komwe kumapezeka panthawi yodikira kumakhala kosalekeza, kapena pamene mkangano uli pachimake.

Chofunika kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi gawo la kudzikundikira kwa malingaliro, omwe makamaka amatha kufotokozera kuchedwa kwa mawonekedwe a zochitika zina: nthawi ya latency ikhoza kukhala kwa miyezi kapena zaka, malingana ndi zochitika zowawa.

The munthu mawonetseredwe a war psychopathologies

Mofanana ndi machitidwe a thupi, mawonetseredwe a munthu amatengedwa ngati zochitika kumadera ena a kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chidziwitso.

Mafomu anayi oyambira atha kudziwika mwamadongosolo, olembedwa pansipa:

1) Mafomu ankhawa

Kumaganiziridwa ngati chinthu chopanda nzeru, kuda nkhawa kumakhala kokulirapo kwambiri pomwe zoopsa zowopseza sizidziwika.

Zokumana nazo kuchokera ku ndewu zam'mbuyomu sizimalola kuti zigonjetsedwe, ndipo zotsutsana nazo zimatha kuchitika.

Nkhawa imatha kutha kapena kuchepa panthawi ya mkangano, monga kuunika bwino momwe zinthu zilili zimalola wophunzirayo kuyambiranso kuzizira.

Ngati sizili choncho, nkhawa ingayambitse matenda oopsa kwambiri, monga kusowa mpweya komanso kutuluka kwamoto kosalamulirika.

Pachiyambi choyamba, chimango cholepheretsa chimakhazikitsidwa ndi kusasunthika, kupunthwa, kusalankhula, kulimba kwa minofu ndi kunjenjemera.

Pankhani yachiwiri, wofunsidwayo, akukuwa komanso ali ndi nkhope yokhumudwa, amathawa mwachisawawa, nthawi zina kutsogolo kupita ku mizere ya adani, kapena kufunafuna malo obisalamo, kunyalanyaza njira zodzitetezera.

Nkhawa zingayambitsenso khalidwe laukali kwambiri lodziwika ndi kukwiya koopsa, mofanana ndi kupsa mtima kwa khunyu.

Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha ziwawa ndi kuvulala kwa maofesala kapena asitikali anzawo, kapena zitha kudzetsa kudzidula, kukwatulidwa kofuna kudzipha komanso misala yoopsa yopha akaidi.

Mikhalidwe yotereyi nthawi zambiri imatsagana ndi mdima wa chidziwitso ndi zochitika za amnesia.

Kukhala ndi nkhawa nthawi yayitali kungayambitse kupsinjika maganizo komwe kungayambitse kudzipha.

2) Mawonekedwe osokoneza ndi achinyengo

Matendawa amatha kuchepetsedwa kukhala kusokonezeka kwapang'onopang'ono, kapena kungayambitse kusokonezeka m'malingaliro ndi kusokonezeka kwapang'onopang'ono, kulepheretsa kutsata zenizeni komanso madera okwiyitsidwa okhala ndi zinthu zowopsa komanso zomverera zama psychosensory.

Katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku Germany K. Bonhoeffer (1860) anasiyanitsa mitundu itatu ya psychosis yochititsa mantha: mawonekedwe ongoyamba kumene okhala ndi kusokonezeka kwa galimoto ndi mitsempha ya mitsempha, mawonekedwe omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo, ndi gawo lomaliza limene chidziwitso chimachotsa zikumbukiro zina.

Kusokonezeka maganizo chifukwa cha nkhondo kwaphunziridwa m'mayiko ambiri, chifukwa ndi matenda omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri.

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndi mikangano yotsatira, chisokonezo chankhondo ichi chinapereka njira ya psychoses yachinyengo; komabe, zinawoneka kuti mkati mwa nkhondo yapadziko lonse yotsiriza ena a psychosis ameneŵa anali ndi mbali yodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri ya schizophrenic. Nthawi zambiri amabwerera mofulumira kwambiri.

Zithunzi zonsezi zowopsa zachipatala zimatsagana ndi mawonetseredwe a somatic a kutopa ndipo amatsatiridwa ndi amnesia yofunikira kwambiri.

3) Mawonekedwe a Hysterical

Zafotokozedwa mochulukira kuyambira Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse.

"Tinganene kuti, obwera ku malo opangira minyewa amakhala makamaka ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la magwiridwe antchito. Chiwerengero chochuluka cha olumala, cha opirira opanda mphamvu, chinadabwitsa kwambiri madokotala a mitsempha ya nkhondo, omwe sankazolowera kukhalapo kwa hysterics m'zipatala.

(Katswiri wa zamaganizo André Fribourg-Blanc, wochokera ku Hysteria in the Army )

M'mikangano yamakono, mawonekedwe a hysterical amasinthidwa ndi zovuta za psychosomatic.

4) Mafomu ovutika maganizo

Nthawi zambiri, mawonekedwe okhumudwa amapezeka kumapeto kwa nthawi yolimbana, chifukwa chake amawonedwa mosavuta m'magulu ankhondo akupuma.

Pali zifukwa zambiri, monga kutopa, kusowa tulo kapena kumva chisoni chifukwa cha imfa ya ma comrades.

States of melancholy ndi chiopsezo chodzipha si zachilendo, makamaka asilikali amene kutaya comrade pankhondo amene analibe ubwenzi wabwino.

Mitundu yachisoni yoteroyo ingathenso kuchitika mwa msilikali amene amadziikira mlandu wa imfa ya msilikali wapansi wake, amene anamuwotcha.

War psychopathologies, mawonetseredwe onse: mantha

Mantha amatanthauzidwa ngati chodabwitsa cha psychopathological, chomwe chimachitika panthawi ya ngozi yakufa komanso chifukwa cha kusatsimikizika kwankhondo; nthawi zonse zakhala mbali ya dziko la omenyana ndipo zimatsogolera ku zochitika za msilikali kulephera kulamulira maganizo ake ndi kubisa maganizo ake, nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa zochitika zoopsa.

Kuphunzira kwa chodabwitsa ichi kwachoka ku malongosoledwe osavuta a mbiriyakale kupita ku kafukufuku wofufuza wasayansi.

Mantha amachokera ku lingaliro lolakwika (nthawi zambiri lodziwika bwino komanso longoyerekeza, kapena pokhudzana ndi malingaliro akale), za ngozi yowopsa komanso yomwe ikubwera, yomwe sizingatheke kukana.

Zimapatsirana kwambiri ndipo zimabweretsa kusakhazikika kwa gulu, kusayenda bwino kwa misa, kuthawa movutikira mbali zonse kapena, m'malo mwake, kufa ziwalo kwathunthu kwa gululo.

Nthawi zina, pali khalidwe losakhala lachibadwa lomwe limapita mosiyana ndi chibadwa cha kusungidwa ndi kupulumuka, monga kudzipha kwa anthu ambiri m'mikhalidwe yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti ndi yowawa: pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, pambuyo pa torpedoing ya chombo cha ku France Provence II, asilikali mazana asanu ndi anayi. , amene akanatha kupulumutsidwa, analumphira m’nyanja ndi kumira.

Magawo anayi a mantha

Kusinthika kwa zochitika zamantha kumawonekera m'njira yosasinthika.

Magawo anayi nthawi zambiri amawonedwa:

• Nthawi yoyamba yokonzekera kapena 'kukhala maso', yodziwika ndi mantha komanso kudzimva kukhala pachiwopsezo, kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zina (kutopa, kukhumudwa). Nkhani zabodza zimafalitsidwa, zosonkhezeredwa ndi anthu oyambitsa zipolowe, zomwe zimapanga mikhalidwe yosamvetsetseka komanso yosadziwika bwino yomwe aliyense akufunafuna zambiri. Kuthekera kovutirako kulibe mwa onse omwe amaupereka ndi omwe akuulandira.
• Gawo lachiwiri, la 'kugwedezeka', lankhanza, lofulumira komanso lophulika, koma lalifupi, chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa zowawa, zomwe zimakhala zoopsa, poyang'anizana ndi ngozi yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ikudziwonetsera yokha. Mphamvu zoweruza ndi kudzudzula zimaletsedwa, koma popanda kusokoneza kukonzekera kuchitapo kanthu.
• Gawo lachitatu, la 'kuchita' kapena kuchita mantha koyenera, pamene khalidwe lachisokonezo la kudabwa ndi kuthawa kumawonekera. Kuzindikira kumayamba kuwonekera komwe kungayambitse kudzimva kukhala wopanda pake komanso kupangitsa kuti munthu aliyense kapena gulu adziphe.
• Gawo lachinayi, la 'kusamvana' ndi kulumikizana. Mphepo yamkuntho imachepetsa, mantha amachepa, makhalidwe oyambirira ogwirizana amawonekera ndipo kuyesetsa kubwezeretsa dongosolo kumakonzedwa; atsogoleri amasankhidwa, ndipo chifukwa chake ndi mbuzi zobwezera zomwe zimayenera kubwezera. Kupsyinjika kwamalingaliro nthawi zina kumatha kuwonekera m'njira zachiwawa komanso kuwononga zinthu. Chiwawachi chimawonekera molingana ndi zowawa, kuphedwa ndi nkhanza.

Zomwe zimayambitsa

Chodabwitsa cha mantha chimayamba pakati pa asilikali pamene gulu lankhondo liri mumkhalidwe wokakamizidwa ndi mantha, ndi zinthu zoperewera, zosowa tulo, zoyesedwa ndi zotayika, kuphulika kwa mabomba, usiku ndi kugonjetsedwa.

Kaŵirikaŵiri, phokoso losavuta kapena kulira kwa msilikali wamantha n’kokwanira kudzutsa kukhumudwa ndi mantha, kudzetsa kusamvana kwakupha.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe sizikudziwika mpaka pano, zodabwitsa, kusawoneka bwino, komanso kumveka kwa mawu kungayambitse mantha. Njira zankhondo zamaganizidwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mantha ngati chida chokopa adani kuti athawe.

Makamaka, mu NBC (nyukiliya, biological and chemical) nkhondo, mantha amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholepheretsa.

Izi zili choncho chifukwa mantha amapezeka kawirikawiri alonda akumbuyo, popeza asilikali omwe ali nawo amakhala ndi chizolowezi chomenyana kusiyana ndi kuthawa.

Zikuwoneka kuti mantha amawonekera bwino pamagulu amagulu ang'onoang'ono, kumene kuwongolera khalidwe lotere kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika zapagulu.

Ndi pamlingo wa izi, makamaka, zolimbikitsa zimatsimikiziridwa; kukhalapo kwawo kumatsimikiziridwa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, poyang'anizana ndi zosowa zomwe zimafuna thandizo kwa atsogoleri ndi abwenzi.

Pa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, kusatsimikizika komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha nkhawa ya munthu payekha kuyenera kupewedwa mwa kukonzanso zinthu zaumunthu, kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi kuzindikira anthu omwe ali ndi gulu lawo; kuti izi zitheke, payenera kutsatiridwa njira zonse za munthu payekha komanso gulu.

Tidzakumbukiranso lingaliro lakuti mantha amatenga gawo ngati chilimbikitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, chomwe chikufotokozera chifukwa chake kutengeka kumeneku kumapatsirana modabwitsa.

Mosiyana ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe, sikuti kutulutsa mantha kunja kwa anthu ena komwe kumaipitsa ena: ngati nawonso amakumana nawo, ndichifukwa choti aphunzira kutanthauzira zizindikiro zowoneka za mantha monga ziwonetsero za kukhalapo kwa zoopsa zomwe sizikudziwika. kwa iwo.

Samva kalikonse koma mantha awo okha, chifukwa cha zomwe adazipeza kale zomwe zimatsimikizira kulimbikitsa zochita.

Mitundu ya psychopathologies yoyambitsidwa ndi nkhanza zamagulu

Zochitika zambiri zachiwawa chamagulu, monga nkhondo ndi mikangano, zasonyezedwa kuti zimayambitsa mitundu yoopsa kwambiri ya psychopathology.

Tikhoza kuzindikira ena mwa iwo:

• Zowopsa zomwe zimachitika mwadala zimayambitsidwa ndi anthu pa anthu ena. Apa, cholinga choyipa ndichofunikira pakuyambitsa kuzunzika kwakukulu kwama psychic: nthawi zambiri, kuvulala koopsa kumatuluka ndi mawonekedwe a hallucinogenic, kukumbukira zowawa komanso chinyengo cha chizunzo kapena chikoka. Chifukwa cha chiwawa choopsa komanso kuopsa kwa mikangano, mitundu ya nkhanza zamaganizo izi zikuchulukirachulukira.
• Matenda a schizoid kapena schizophrenic amapezeka pambuyo posowa chodabwitsa. M'mabuku asayansi okha, mitundu ya schizophrenic imafotokozedwa ngati 'kuperewera kwathunthu kwamalingaliro'. Chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yovuta komanso nyimbo zokakamiza zomwe nkhondo imayambitsa, milandu ya kudzipatula, kudzipatula ndi kusokoneza kudziwika kumachitika pakati pa asilikali; amasiya umunthu wawo kuti adziteteze ku chiwonongeko.
• Matenda a Psychosomatic amaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, kusokonezeka kwa minofu ndi chigoba chifukwa cha nkhanza komanso zachiwawa zankhondo.

Mikhalidwe yodziwika bwino ya chikhalidwe cha anthu yaphunziridwa makamaka mwa omenyana

Khalidwe ndiye chinthu chomwe chimatsimikizira pano, cholumikizidwa ndi chidwi chokonda dziko lako komanso njira yabwino yomwe munthu amakhala wokonzeka kufa ngati kuli kofunikira.

Mwachiwonekere, asilikali adzapereka chiwopsezo chochepa cha kusokonezeka kwa maganizo, malingana ndi momwe asankhidwa ndi kuphunzitsidwa bwino.

M'malo mwake, munthu akhoza kuona momwe maganizo opanda chiyembekezo, kusowa kwa chilimbikitso ndi kusowa kwa kukonzekera kwa asilikali kumapanga mikhalidwe yabwino kwa munthu payekha komanso kuwonongeka kwamagulu, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mantha omwe tawatchula pamwambapa.

Ndi kusanthula zinthu izi kuti US psychologists anafotokoza zambiri matenda opatsirana zovuta zomwe zidachitika m'gulu lankhondo la US pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.

Mavutowa anachitika mwaunyinji chotere chifukwa anyamata achichepere aku US anali asanaphunzire mokwanira zamaganizo.

Pokhala kuti sanasonkhezeredwe konse ndi kuzoloŵera kukhala pangozi, atatsimikiza kuti nkhondo inali ya anthu wamba osati ankhondo, olembedwa achicheperewo anali otsimikiza kuti analibe kanthu kochita koma kuthandiza asilikali osankhidwa (owombera mfuti).

Pazifukwa izi, gululo lidzakhudzidwa kwambiri kapena mocheperapo mwachindunji ndi zitsanzo za chikhalidwe cha anthu, zizoloŵezi zamaganizo ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira za kulera kwautali.

Zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo ya psychopathology

Zomwe zimayambitsa kuoneka kwa psychopathologies ndi zambiri; pakati pawo, maganizo wamba amene ali wachifundo kwambiri, osati kunena kulolera, kulinga ku matenda a maganizo amaonedwa kuti chofunika kwambiri.

M'gulu lankhondo la Third Reich mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse komanso m'maiko opondereza, m'malo mwake, asitikali omwe adawonetsa kukhumudwa, kusokonezeka kwa umunthu kapena kukhumudwa adapatsidwa chilango champhamvu, chifukwa amaganiziridwa kuti akhoza kufooketsa ndikuipitsa gululo. yokha.

Mavuto awo atayamba kuonekera, amathandizidwa mofanana ndi matenda a organic ndipo amangoganizira za nkhani zaumwini, osati zamaganizo, zomwe sizikanatha kufunsidwa.

Makamaka, akatswiri amisala a ku Germany anali okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mbali yadala ya matendawa, malinga ndi momwe matendawa amamasula munthu ku ntchito ndi udindo wake.

Ku America, mosiyana, kusokonezeka kuwirikiza kawiri poyerekeza ndi zaka za Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, mosakayikira chifukwa chidwi chinaperekedwa kuzinthu zamaganizo ndipo mwina chifukwa chakuti gulu lankhondo la US lolimba kwambiri linalola asilikali kufotokoza momasuka.

Kuti afotokoze za kuchepa kwa matenda amisala m'magulu ankhondo aku Germany, akatswiri azamisala a ku Germany amatchulapo zakuchita bwino kwankhondo yoyenda.

M'malo mwake, nkhondo yoyenda, makamaka ikapambana, sikhala ya psychogenic kuposa nkhondo yamalo kapena ngalande.

Mosiyana ndi zomwe munthu angaganize, zochita zina zachiwawa ndi zowawa kwambiri zomwe zinachitika m'nyengo ya kugonja sizimayambitsa kusokoneza kwakukulu.

Panthawi yozunguliridwa ndi Stalingrad pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kuti nkhondoyo inali yoopsa, amuna sakanatha kulola kugonja ku matenda: izi zikanawalekanitsa ndi gululo, chifukwa cha kusiyidwa kuzizira. , kuikidwa m’ndende ndi imfa yotsimikizirika.

Mofanana ndi nyama zovulazidwa, iwo ankasonkhanitsa mphamvu zawo zomalizira kuti apulumuke. Chifukwa chake, m'mikhalidwe yovuta, zitha kuchitika kuti 'magazi ozizira' ndi chibadwa cha kupulumuka zimalola mikhalidwe kuthetsedwa yomwe ikadatayika, kapena kulamulidwa ndi mantha.

Pankhani ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, pali kusiyana kwafupipafupi ndi zizindikiro za matenda a maganizo a anthu omwe akuvutika ndi nkhondo, kutengera nthawi, mayiko ndi njira zomenyera nkhondo.

Kuti izi zitheke, maphunziro oyerekeza apangidwa pofuna kufotokoza mitundu ya zovuta ndi ma pathologies mkati mwa machitidwe osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe cha anthu.

War psychopathologies: kusokonezeka m'maganizo kwa akaidi

Kuphatikiza pa ma pathologies angapo odziwika, zithunzi zina zachipatala zidaphunziridwa makamaka chifukwa ndizodziwika bwino:

• Nostalgic psychoses momwe nkhawa imakhazikika pakupatukana ndi mabanja komanso dziko lochokera. Amakhudza makamaka mafuko ena amene amagwirizana kwambiri ndi mayiko ndi miyambo yawo.
• Maiko okhazikika a kumasulidwa, omwe amawonekera mu mawonekedwe a melancholic kapena manic bursts ('return mania').
• The asthenic limati wa ukapolo anaona pambuyo kubwerera, yodziwika ndi kupanduka asthenia, hyperemotionality, paroxysms nkhawa, somatic zizindikiro ndi zinchito matenda.

Khalidwe lotengeka maganizo limadziwonetsa ngati khalidwe lotengeka ndi moyo. Mwa kuzoloŵera moyo wa kunja kwa ndende, anthu ameneŵa pomalizira pake amaiŵala zaka zimene anakhala m’ndende ndi anthu ena amene anachoka kapena kufera mmenemo. M’zochitika zimenezi, njira yokhayo yothetsera vutolo ndiyo kuchitapo kanthu pa kudzimva wolakwa kwakukulu kwa mkaidi wakaleyo.

Maikowa, kuchokera kumalingaliro achisinthiko, amachiritsa pang'onopang'ono ndipo amatha kudziwonetsera okha kwa anthu omwe alibe mbiri yamisala; komabe, amatha kubwereza nthawi ndi nthawi kapena pazochitika zoopsa (zomwe zimatchedwa 'traumatic neurosis').

The psychopathology of ndende ndi kuthamangitsidwa m'misasa imayenera kukhala ndi malo akeake. Wodziwika ndi matenda a zakudya ndi endocrine, zotsatira za kulandidwa kwapadera, kuzunzika ndi kuzunzika kwakuthupi ndi kwamakhalidwe, zidasiya zisonyezo zosazikika m'miyoyo ya omwe adazunzidwa.

Akaidi kutsekeredwa kwa nthawi yaitali m'ndende kusonyeza matenda monga aluntha asthenia, abulia, kuchepetsa kukana kulankhulana ndi gulu lonse la zizindikiro zinchito, mwa amene si nthawi zonse zotheka kusiyanitsa organically zochokera matenda. Makamaka, kukonzanso moyo wa banja, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi akatswiri ndizovuta kwambiri pa maphunzirowa chifukwa zochitika zothandiza komanso zamaganizo zimasokonezedwa ndi mazunzo omwe amazunzidwa m'misasa.

M'lingaliro limeneli, 'matenda a paroxysmal ecmesia syndrome' (omwe amawonedwa makamaka kwa omwe adathamangitsidwa kale) akufotokozedwa, omwe amakhala ndi kufotokoza mopweteka zochitika zina za moyo wawo muzochitika zowawa za msasa wachibalo.

Anthu omwe adapulumutsidwa ku ndende zozunzirako anthu, ngakhale akuwoneka kuti ali bwino, atayang'anitsitsa, kumbuyo kwa khalidwe lawo la "bata ndi ulemu", adabisala zochitika zodetsa nkhawa za kunyalanyaza zovala ndi chisamaliro cha thupi, ngati kuti ataya malingaliro awo onse. ukhondo.

Zochita zonse zidazimiririka ndipo zokonda zawo zidachepetsedwa, kuphatikiza, makamaka, chidwi pazogonana. Makamaka, amuna 4,617 adayesedwa omwe adakhala m'ndende miyezi makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi zinayi pansi pamikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri.

Zinali chabe chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwawo kwakukulu kumene anthu ameneŵa anafa ndi kupulumuka.

Zomwezi zinachitidwa, ndi Achimereka, ponena za akaidi awo omwe anabwezeredwa kuchokera ku Korea kapena Indochina.

Iwo anali ndi vuto linalake, ngakhale pamene anabwerera mwachiwonekere ali athanzi labwino, m’kugwirizanitsanso maunansi awo amalingaliro akale ndi kupanga ena atsopano; m’malo mwake, anasonyeza kusagwirizana ndi akaidi anzawo akale.

Mwa obwererawa, zotsatira za 'kutsuka ubongo' zimawerengedwa.

M'maola otsatirawa kumasulidwa, 'zombie reaction' imawonedwa, yodziwika ndi mphwayi; m'nkhani zimenezi, ngakhale kukhudzana mofatsa ndi mwaubwenzi ndi kusonyezana chikondi koyenera, kukambirana kumakhalabe kosamveka komanso kwachiphamaso, makamaka ponena za mikhalidwe yogwidwa ndi 'kuguba ku imfa'.

Pambuyo pa masiku atatu kapena anayi pamakhala kusintha komwe kumadziwika ndi mgwirizano wokulirapo: mutuwo umafotokoza, mopanda tsankho komanso momveka bwino, malingaliro omwe amalandiridwa panthawi yophunzitsidwa. Kuda nkhawa kwake ndi chifukwa cha moyo watsopano, machitidwe otsogolera, ndemanga za atolankhani pa 'indoctrination' ndi mantha ambiri okana kukanidwa ndi anthu ammudzi.

Asilikali ena, mwachitsanzo, Asilikali aku US, ayamba kukonzekeretsa asirikali awo, ngakhale munthawi yamtendere, kuti athe kuthana ndi vuto laukapolo, kuti adziwe za kuopsa kwa kuzunzika komanso kusokoneza bongo zomwe angakumane nazo.

Werengani Ndiponso:

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Source:

Medicina pa intaneti