I-DNA: Imolekyuli eguqule ibhayoloji
Uhambo lokuFumana uBomi
Ukufunyanwa kwesakhiwo se DNA limi njengelona xesha libalulekileyo kwimbali yenzululwazi, liphawula isiqalo sexesha elitsha ekuqondeni ubomi kwinqanaba lemolekyuli. Ngoxa uJames Watson kwaye UFrancis Crick zidla ngokubalwa ngokuchaza i-double helix structure ye-DNA ngo-1953, kubalulekile ukuqaphela igalelo elisisiseko URosalind Elsie Franklin, ophando lwakhe lwalubalulekile kolu bhaqo.
URosalind Elsie Franklin: Uvulindlela Olityelweyo
URosalind Franklin, isazinzulu saseBritani esikrelekrele, sadlala indima ephambili ekuqondeni ukwakheka kweDNA ngomsebenzi wakhe wobuvulindlela I-X-ray crystallography. UFranklin wafumana imifanekiso eneenkcukacha yeDNA, ngakumbi edumileyo Ifoto 51, eyatyhila ngokucacileyo i imilo ye-helix ephindwe kabini. Nangona kunjalo, igalelo lakhe alizange livunywe ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, kwaye emva kwexesha apho uluntu lwezenzululwazi lwaqala ukubhiyozela indima yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu kolu phando lubalulekileyo.
Ubume be-DNA: IKhowudi yoBomi
DNA, okanye i-deoxyribonucleic acid, yimolekyuli entsonkothileyo equlethe i imiyalelo esisiseko yemfuza iyimfuneko kuphuhliso, ukusebenza, kunye nokuveliswa kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo kunye neentsholongwane ezininzi. Ulwakhiwo lwalo luyi-double helix, eyafunyanwa nguJames Watson, uFrancis Crick, kwaye, ngenxa yegalelo elisisiseko likaRosalind Franklin, ibe yenye yezona mpawu ezibonakalayo kwisayensi.
Esi sakhiwo esiphindwe kabini se-helix siquka imisonto emibini emide amanxeba ajikeleze omnye komnye, afana nezinyuko ezijikelezayo. Isinyathelo ngasinye se-staircase senziwe ngamabini eziseko zenitrogen, eziboshwe kunye ne-hydrogen bonds. Iziseko zenitrogen zi adenine (A), thymine (T), icytosine (C), kunye iguanine (G), kwaye ulandelelwano ezenzeka ngalo kwi-DNA strand lubandakanya ikhowudi yemfuza yezinto eziphilayo.
Imisonto yeDNA yenziwe ushukela (deoxyribose) kunye amaqela ephosphate, kunye neziseko ezinenitrogen eziphuma kwiswekile njengeeleli. Esi sakhiwo sivumela i-DNA ukuba iphindaphinde kwaye idlulise ulwazi lwemfuza ukusuka kwiseli enye ukuya kwenye kwaye ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye. Ngexesha lokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA, i-helix ephindwe kabini iyancipha, kwaye i-strand nganye isebenza njengethemplate yokudibanisa i-strand entsha ehambelanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi ifumana ikopi echanekileyo ye-DNA.
Ulandelelwano lweziseko kwi-DNA lumisela ulandelelwano lwee-amino acids kwiiproteni, eziyimolekyuli ezenza owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo kwiiseli. Ngenkqubo yoshicilelo, ulwazi lwemfuzo oluqulethwe kwi-DNA lukhutshelwa isithunywa RNA (mRNA), ethi ke iguqulelwe kwiiproteni ezikwiribosomes zeseli, ilandela ikhowudi yofuzo.
Impembelelo yoFundo lweNzululwazi yale mihla
Ukufunyaniswa kwe-double helix structure ye-DNA iye yavula indlela yenguquko kwinkalo ibhayiloji yemolekyuli, imizila yemfuza namayeza. Ibonelele ngesiseko sokuqonda ukuba ulwazi lwemfuza ludluliselwa njani ngokwelifa kunye nendlela ukuguqulwa kwemfuza okukhokelela kwizifo okwenzeka ngayo. Olu lwazi luye lwaphembelela uphuhliso lweendlela ezintsha zokuxilonga, unyango, nkqu ukuguqulwa kofuzo, iguqula kakhulu iyeza kunye ne-biotechnology.
Ngaphaya kokuFunyaniswayo: ILifa loPhando olwabiweyo
Ibali lokufunyanwa kwe-DNA sisikhumbuzo se ubume bentsebenziswano yesayensi, apho lonke igalelo, nokuba libekwe kwindawo ephambili okanye akunjalo, lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubela phambili yolwazi lomntu. URosalind Franklin, ngokuzinikela kwakhe kunye nomsebenzi wakhe onobuchule, ushiye ilifa elihlala lihleli elihamba ngaphaya kokuqatshelwa kwakhe okokuqala. Namhlanje, ibali lakhe likhuthaza izizukulwana ezitsha zezazinzulu, ligxininisa ukubaluleka kwengqibelelo, inkanuko, kunye nokuqatshelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwicandelo lezenzululwazi.
Ukuqukumbela, ukufunyanwa kolwakhiwo lwe-DNA ngumsebenzi obalaseleyo wentsebenziswano kunye nobuchule bomntu ngamnye, kunye noWatson, uCrick, kunye noFranklin ngakumbi, kunye betyhila iimfihlo zemolekyuli yobomi. Ilifa labo liyaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwisayensi, ukuvula amathuba angapheliyo kwixesha elizayo lophando lwemfuza kunye neyeza.
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