Ukufa Okumnyama: intlekele eyatshintsha iYurophu
Ngaphantsi komthunzi wokufa: Ukufika kwesibetho
Entliziyweni ye I14 yekhulu leminyaka, iYurophu yabethwa ngowona bhubhani utshabalalisayo kwimbali: i Ukufa Okumnyama. Phakathi kowe-1347 nowe-1352, esi sifo sasasazeka singathintelwanga, sishiya ngasemva umhlaba wokufa nokuphelelwa lithemba. I ibhaktheriya Yersinia pestis, eyayithwalwa ziintakumba zeempuku, yangqineka ilutshaba olubulalayo kwilizwekazi ngelo xesha elalingakulungele kakuhle ukujamelana nentlekele enjalo. Isibetho, esafika eYurophu ngeendlela zorhwebo zaselwandle kunye nasemhlabeni, ngokukodwa i-Itali, iFransi, iSpeyin, neJamani, itshabalalisa phantse. 30-50% yabemi baseYurophu kwiminyaka nje emihlanu.
Phakathi kweSayensi kunye neenkolelo: Ukuphendula kwi-Contagion
The ukungabi namandla kwezonyango ebusweni besibetho yabonakala. Oogqirha bamaxesha aphakathi, bebambelele kwiingcamango eziphelelwe lixesha kwaye bengenalwazi ngeebhaktheriya, ubukhulu becala babengenakusebenza ekunyangeni isifo. Iimeko zococeko zelo xesha, ngokuphawulekayo ukungonelanga, kunye amanyathelo okuqala asisiseko okuvalelwa Zazingonelanga ukuthintela ukusasazeka kosulelo. Ukufa okuMnyama ke ngoko kwakunenkululeko yokutshabalalisa uluntu luphela, kuqhubela abantu ukuba bazenze bodwa kunye nomthandazo njengekuphela kwendawo yokusabela kwintlekele.
IYurophu eGuquliweyo: Iziphumo zeNtlalo kunye nezoQoqosho
The iziphumo zesibetho yayingengobantu babemi kuphela kodwa yayiyeyentlalontle nezoqoqosho. Ukuncitshiswa kakhulu kwabasebenzi kubangele ukunqongophala okukhulu kwabasebenzi, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekwenyukeni kwemivuzo kunye nokuphuculwa kweemeko zokuhlala kwabo basindileyo. Nangona kunjalo, olu tshintsho lwalukhatshwa kukungavisisani kwabantu okwandileyo, nezidubedube nezidubedube ezigungqisa iziseko zoluntu olunobutshaba. Ngaphezu koko, i impembelelo kwinkcubeko yayibambeke, inembono ehlaziyiweyo yelishwa eyayigqugqisile kubugcisa, uncwadi, nonqulo lwelo xesha.
Ukufa Okumnyama Njengotshintsho
UKufa Okumnyama kwakumela a inguquko kwimbali yaseYurophu, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yemiphumo eyingozi ekhawulezileyo kodwa kwanemiphumo yayo yexesha elide kwintlalontle, ezoqoqosho, nakwinkqubo yenkcubeko yelizwekazi. Lo bhubhani wabalaselisa ukuba sesichengeni koluntu kumandla endalo, utyhalela uluntu kwinkqubo ecothayo kodwa engayekeleliyo yenguqu eya kuvulela indlela le mihla.
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