ʻO nā ʻenehana immobilization cervical a me spinal: kahi ʻike
ʻO nā ʻano hana immobilization cervical a me spinal: ke hoʻomau nei ka poʻe lawelawe lapaʻau kūikawā (EMS) i nā mea mālama mua i ka mālama ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā pilikia ma waho o ka haukapila, me nā kūlana trauma.
ʻO nā alakaʻi alakaʻi o ka ATLS (advanced trauma life support), i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka makahiki 1980, ke hoʻomau nei i ke kūlana gula no ka loiloi a me ka hoʻonohonoho mua ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā pōʻino weliweli i ke ola ma ke ʻano kūpono a maikaʻi, ʻoiai ua lōʻihi ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā ʻano. o ka hoohana ana i keia kokua.
He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ka immobilization o ke kuamoʻo o ke aʻo ʻana, ma waho aʻe o nā pelvic binders a me nā splints no nā haʻi iwi lōʻihi.
Nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau like ʻole pono ua hoʻomohala ʻia e hiki ai i ka pono a me ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻohana ʻana, a me ka ʻae ʻana i ka maʻalahi a me ke komo koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻokele ea a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka pono e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kuamoʻo e ka nānā ʻana a me ka loiloi hoʻomanawanui.
noonoo immobilization o ke kuamoʻo i ka wā e hana ai ke ʻano o ka hōʻeha i kahi helu kiʻekiʻe o ka kānalua no ke poʻo, 'ā'ī a i ʻole ʻeha kuamoʻo
ʻO ke kūlana noʻonoʻo impaired a me ka deficit neurological kekahi mau hōʻailona e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka immobilization spinal.[1][2][3][4]
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o ka ATLS kuʻuna no ka immobilization spinal kūpono o ka mea maʻi i kahi kūlana trauma koʻikoʻi he paʻa paʻa. kola me nā poloka a me ka lipine no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka iwi kuamoʻo, a me ka papa hope e pale ai i ke koena o ka iwi kuamoʻo.
ka Kendrick mea hoʻopau hiki i ka iwi kuamoʻo ke hoʻomalu ʻia me ka mea ʻeha ma kahi noho i ka wā e hemo wikiwiki ai mai kahi kaʻa a i ʻole i nā kūlana ʻē aʻe i kaupalena ʻia ke komo ʻana e ʻae i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi papa hope piha.
Eia naʻe, pono kēia mea hana i nā limahana hoʻopakele e mālama i ka palena o ka neʻe ʻana o ka spine cervical ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻoneʻe inline a hiki i ka hui ʻana [5].
ʻO ka 10th edition of the ATLS guidelines and the consensus statement of the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS-COT), and the National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) state that, in ʻO ka hihia o ka trauma penetrating ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike no ke kaohi ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ke kuamoʻo [6], ma ka laina me kahi noiʻi retrospective mai ka American Trauma Database i hōʻike i kahi helu haʻahaʻa loa o nā hōʻeha spinal paʻa ʻole e koi ana i ke ʻoki ʻana i ka pōʻaiapili o ka trauma penetrating. Hōʻike pū ka haʻawina i ka nui o nā maʻi e mālama ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pōmaikaʻi hiki ke ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka nui o nā maʻi e mālama ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hōʻeha, 1032/66.
Eia nō naʻe, i ka hihia o ka trauma blunt koʻikoʻi, hoʻomau ʻia nā kapu i kēia mau kūlana:
- Low GCS a i ʻole nā hōʻike o ka ʻona a me ka ʻona
- ʻO ka ʻeha waena a i ʻole hope o ka iwi kuamoʻo
- ʻIke ʻia ke ʻano o ke kuamoʻo
- Loaʻa i nā ʻeha ʻē aʻe
Ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka hoʻopaʻa pono ʻana he kola cervical me ka pale spinal lōʻihi piha, pono e wehe koke ʻia.
Loaʻa kēia ma muli o ka pilikia o nā ʻeha multilayered.
Eia nō naʻe, i ka heluna pediatric, he haʻahaʻa ka pilikia o nā ʻeha multilevel a no laila ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka spinal spine wale nō a ʻaʻole ka mālama ʻana i ka spine piha (koe naʻe nā hōʻailona a i ʻole nā hōʻailona o nā ʻeha spinal ʻē aʻe).
ʻO ka immobilization cervical a me ke kola paʻa i ka maʻi pediatric
- 'ā'ī eha
- ʻAʻole i wehewehe ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka limb neurology e ka trauma limb
- ʻO ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī (torticollis)
- GCS haʻahaʻa
- ʻO ka ʻeha ʻeha kiʻekiʻe (e laʻa i ka ulia kaʻa ikaika ikaika, ʻeha hyperextension o ka ʻāʻī a me ka ʻeha nui o ke kino luna)
Nā wahi e hopohopo ai
Ke ulu nei ka nui o nā hōʻike a me ka hopohopo i kēlā kahua ke hele ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā ʻano hana immobilization spinal a hiki i kekahi mau maʻi ke pilikia [7][8][9][10].
ʻO nā pilikia kūpono o ka spinal immobilization:
- Hōʻoluʻolu a pilikia no ka mea maʻi[11].
- ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka manawa ma mua o ka haukapila me ka hiki ke lohi i nā noiʻi koʻikoʻi a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hana ʻē aʻe [11].
- ʻO ka palena o ka hanu ʻana e nā kaula, a me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana hanu ma ke kūlana supine i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kūlana kū pololei. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia i nā hihia o ka trauma thoracic, inā he blunt a i ʻole ke komo ʻana [12] [13] Paʻakikī me ka intubation [14].
- ʻO ka hihia o nā poʻe maʻi me ka spondylitis ankylosing a i ʻole ka spinal deformity mua, kahi e hiki ai ke hōʻeha maoli ma ka koi ʻana i ka mea maʻi e hoʻokō i ke kūlana i koho mua ʻia o kahi kola cervical paʻa a me ka backboard [15].
ʻO kahi loiloi hou o ka palapala Scandinavian, i alakaʻi ʻia e nānā i nā hōʻike i loaʻa no ka palena o ka neʻe ʻana o ka spinal [16], hāʻawi i nā ʻike koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano hana hoʻomalu spinal prehospital me ka loiloi o ka ikaika o nā hōʻike.
Kola ʻoʻoleʻa
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kola koʻikoʻi mai ka waena o 1960s ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka spine cervical, me nā hōʻike haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e kākoʻo ana i kona hopena maikaʻi i ka hopena neurological o ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka ʻōpū, me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma muli o ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka intracranial pressure a dysphagia [17].
Hōʻike pū ka ʻatikala ʻo ka mea maʻi makaʻala a hui pū me nā ʻiʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻeha, ʻaʻole paha he neʻe nui, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma nā haʻawina cadaver i hoʻāʻo e aʻo i ka hopena o kahi ʻeha.
Hōʻike ka ʻatikala i ke kaulike ʻana i nā pilikia a me nā pono o kēia ʻoki.
Eia naʻe, ke hoʻomau nei ka American Association of Neurological Surgeons i ke kola koʻikoʻi e like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka spine cervical i ka hanana pre-hospital [18].
Papa ʻoʻoleʻa: I ka manawa hea e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka spinal longboard?
Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ka papa lōʻihi spinal mua me kahi kola paʻa, nā poloka a me nā kaula e hoʻokō ai i ka immobilization o ka iwi kuamoʻo.
Ua hōʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ka pōʻino, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻeha koʻikoʻi ma ka sacrum, [19][20], ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka hihia o nā ʻeha spinal me ka ʻole o ka pale.
Hāʻawi ka moena haʻahaʻa palupalu i kahi ʻili palupalu e pale aku i nā hopena o nā ʻeha puʻuwai a ma ka manawa like e hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo kūpono ke hoʻonui ʻia ma luna o ke poʻo [16].
ālai '
ʻO nā poloka kahi ʻāpana o ka hoʻolālā hoʻoneʻe inline no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka iwi kuamoʻo a ʻike ʻia he mea maikaʻi i ka wā e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka mea maʻi i ka iwi kuamoʻo. papa e hoʻokō i kahi pae o ka immobilization, me ka ʻole o ka pōmaikaʻi hou o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kola paʻa i ka hui pū ʻana [21].
Moena moena
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka moena moena me ka papa paʻa wale nō, hāʻawi ka moena i ka mana a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka neʻe ʻana i ka wā o ka noi a me ka hāpai ʻana ma mua o ka papa paʻa [22].
I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka pilikia o nā ʻeha puʻuwai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka moena no ka lawe ʻana i nā maʻi.
Hoʻokuʻu i ka spine: modulation o ka spinal and cervical immobilization
ʻO nā pae hoʻohālikelike NEXUS: kahi kanaka makaʻala, ʻona ʻole me ka ʻole o nā ʻeha hoʻopilikia he haʻahaʻa loa o ka hōʻeha i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka ʻeha waena a me ka deficit neurological.
ʻIke ʻia kēia he mea hana hoʻonaʻauao koʻikoʻi me ka sensitivity o 99% a me kahi waiwai wānana maikaʻi ʻole o 99.8% [23].
Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā haʻawina ʻike ʻē aʻe e hoʻāʻo ka mea maʻi makaʻala me ka ʻeha cervical spine e hoʻopaʻa i ka iwi kuamoʻo a ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻeha hoʻopilikia (koe ʻole ka ʻokiʻoki) ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i nā hopena o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka spine cervical a no laila ka Hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka spine me ka ʻole o ke kiʻi hou aku [24]. Hōʻike nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe i nā hopena like no ka spine thoracolumbar [25] [24].
KA LEKIO HOOKO ANA I KA HONUA? E KIPA I KA HALE ELEI O EMS MA EMERGENCY EXPO
Ka waiwai nui
ʻOiai ua hoʻokō ʻia ka immobilization spinal pre-hospital no nā makahiki he mau makahiki, hōʻike ka ʻike i kēia manawa ʻaʻole pono nā maʻi āpau i ka immobilised.
I kēia manawa ka National Association of Emergency Physicians USA a me ka American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma e manaʻo nei i kahi noi palena o ka spinal immobilization.
Hōʻike kēia mau alakaʻi hou i ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka nui o nā maʻi e hiki ke pōmaikaʻi mai ka immobilization
Ua hoʻomau ke komite i ka ʻōlelo ʻana e hoʻohana pono ʻia ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ka spinal restraints i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana me ka akahele, ʻoiai ma kekahi mau hihia ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou mau pilikia ma mua o ko lākou mau pono.
Eia kekahi, i nā poʻe maʻi i loaʻa i kahi trauma komo a ʻaʻohe hemahema neurological ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole ʻōlelo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spinal restraints.
I ka USA, pono e hoʻohana ka mea hoʻohana EMS i ke akamai ma mua o ka hoʻoholo ʻana e hoʻohana i ka spinal board.[26]
ʻO ka hope, ua pili ka spinal immobilization me ka ʻeha hope, ʻeha ʻāʻī a paʻakikī loa ka hana ʻana i kekahi mau kaʻina hana, me ke kiʻi ʻana.
Hoʻopili pū ʻia ka immobilization spinal me ka pilikia o ka hanu ʻana, ʻoiai ke kau ʻia nā kaula nui i ka umauma.
ʻOiai ua hāpai ka nui o nā hui EMS ma US i kēia mau alakaʻi hou e pili ana i ka immobilization spinal, ʻaʻole kēia i ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
Ke hopohopo nei kekahi mau ʻōnaehana EMS i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana inā ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻokuʻu i nā maʻi.
ʻO nā maʻi e pono e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ke kuamoʻo e like me kēia:
- kūmūmū trauma
- ʻeha kuamoʻo
- nā maʻi me kahi pae hoʻololi o ka ʻike
- nā hemahema neurological
- maopopo anatomical deformity o ke kuamoʻo
- ʻO ka trauma kiʻekiʻe i ka mea maʻi i ʻona e ka lāʻau, ka waiʻona.
Nā kuhikuhi puke
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E heluhelu pū nō hoʻi
Spinal Immobilization: Lapaʻau a i ʻole ʻeha?
Nā Kūlana 10 e Hana i kahi Immobilization Spinal pololei o kahi mea maʻi trauma
ʻO nā ʻeha o ke kolamu Spinal, ka waiwai o ka Pōhaku Pin / Pōhaku Pin Max Spine Board
ʻO Spinal Immobilization, ʻO kekahi o nā ʻenehana e pono ai ka mea hoʻopakele e haku
Nā ʻeha uila: pehea e loiloi ai iā lākou, ka mea e hana ai
Lapaau RICE no na eha o ka ili palupalu
Pehea e hana ai i ka noiʻi mua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka DRABC i ke kōkua mua
Heimlich Maneuver: E ʻike i ke ʻano o ia mea a pehea e hana ai
He aha ka mea e pono ai i loko o kahi pahu kōkua mua no nā keiki
Poison Mushroom Poisoning: He aha ka hana? Pehea e hōʻike ʻia ai ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa iā ia iho?
ʻO ka waiʻawaʻawa wai: nā hōʻailona, ka ʻike a me ka mālama ʻana
Kōkua Mua: He aha kāu e hana ai ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana a i ʻole ke kahe ʻana i ka pilahi ma kou ʻili
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