Black Death: tsoka lomwe linasintha ku Ulaya
Pansi pa Mthunzi wa Imfa: Kufika kwa Mliri
M'moyo mwa 14th m'zaka, Europe idakhudzidwa ndi mliri wake wowononga kwambiri m'mbiri: the Mliri wakuda. Pakati pa 1347 ndi 1352, matendawa adafalikira mosaletseka, ndikusiya dziko la imfa ndi kutaya mtima. The Bakiteriya Yersinia pestis, yonyamulidwa ndi utitiri wa makoswe, inatsimikizira kukhala mdani wakupha ku kontinentiyo panthaŵi yomwe inali yosakonzekera bwino kulimbana ndi tsoka loterolo. Mliriwu, womwe unafika ku Ulaya kudzera munjira zamalonda zapanyanja ndi zapamtunda, makamaka ku Italy, France, Spain, ndi Germany, ndikusesa pafupifupi. 30-50% ya anthu a ku Ulaya m’zaka zisanu zokha.
Pakati pa Sayansi ndi Zikhulupiriro: Kuyankha Kupatsirana
The kusowa mphamvu zachipatala pankhope pa mliriwo unali womveka. Madokotala a m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages, ochirikizidwa ku malingaliro achikale komanso osadziwa za mabakiteriya, anali osathandiza kwenikweni pochiza matendawa. Zinthu zaukhondo za nthawiyo, zosakwanira, komanso njira zoyambirira zodzipatula sizinali zokwanira kuletsa kufalikira kwa matendawa. Chifukwa chake Mliri wa Black Death unali ndi ufulu wowononga madera onse, kuchititsa anthu kuti azidzipatula komanso kupemphera monga pothawirako tsoka.
A Transformed Europe: Zotsatira Zachikhalidwe ndi Zachuma
The zotsatira za mliri sanali chabe chiwerengero cha anthu komanso kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi zachuma. Kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kunachititsa kuti anthu azisowa kwambiri, zomwe zinachititsa kuti malipiro achuluke komanso kusintha kwa moyo wa anthu amene anapulumuka. Komabe, kusintha kumeneku kunatsagana ndi mikangano yowonjezereka ya anthu, ndi zipolowe ndi zipolowe zomwe zinagwedeza maziko a chitaganya chaufulu. Komanso, a kukhudza chikhalidwe zinali zogwirika, zokhala ndi lingaliro latsopano la kupha imfa lofala m’zaluso, mabuku, ndi chipembedzo chanthaŵiyo.
Mliri wa Black Death ndi Kusintha
The Black Death inkaimira a kusintha kwa mbiri ya ku Ulaya, osati kokha chifukwa cha zotulukapo zake zowononga zamwamsanga komanso zotulukapo zake zanthaŵi yaitali pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, chuma, ndi chikhalidwe cha kontinenti. Mliriwu unasonyeza kuti anthu ali pachiopsezo ku mphamvu za chilengedwe, kuchititsa anthu kuti asinthe zinthu mwapang’onopang’ono koma mosalekeza zimene zikanatsegula njira kaamba ka nyengo yamakono.
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