Ulendo Wodutsa Nthawi Yopeza Zoyambira Zamankhwala

Opaleshoni Yambiri Yambiri

In nthawi zakale, opaleshoni silinali lingaliro losamvetsetseka koma chenicheni chogwirika ndi chopulumutsa moyo. Trepanation, adachita kale 5000 BC m'madera ngati France, ndi chitsanzo chapadera cha mchitidwe wotero. Njira imeneyi, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuchotsa mbali ina ya chigaza, iyenera kuti inagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchepetsa matenda a mitsempha monga khunyu kapena mutu waukulu. Kukhalapo kwa zizindikiro zochiritsidwa kuzungulira malowa kumasonyeza kuti odwala sanapulumuke koma amakhala ndi moyo wautali kuti kusinthika kwa mafupa kuchitike. Kupitilira kugwedezeka, anthu am'mbiri yakale anali aluso kuchiza fractures ndi dislocations. Anagwiritsa ntchito dongo ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe kuti asasunthike miyendo yovulala, kusonyeza kumvetsetsa kwachidziwitso kofunika kuchepetsa kayendetsedwe ka machiritso oyenera.

Matsenga ndi Ochiritsa

Pakatikati mwa madera a mbiri yakale, asing'anga, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa asing'anga kapena mfiti, adathandizira kwambiri. Sanali madokotala chabe komanso milatho pakati pa dziko lakuthupi ndi lauzimu. Anatola zitsamba, kupanga maopaleshoni, ndi kupereka malangizo achipatala. Komabe, luso lawo linapitirira kupitirira zinthu zogwirika; ankagwiranso ntchito mankhwala amphamvu monga zithumwa, kulodza, ndi miyambo yochotsa mizimu yoipa. M’zikhalidwe monga Aapache, ochiritsa sanali kuchiritsa thupi kokha komanso mzimu, akumachititsa madzoma kuti azindikire mtundu wa matendawo ndi chithandizo chake. Miyambo imeneyi, yomwe kaŵirikaŵiri imakhalapo ndi achibale ndi mabwenzi a wodwalayo, inkaphatikiza matsenga amatsenga, mapemphero, ndi kulankhulana, kusonyeza kusanganikirana kwapadera kwa mankhwala, chipembedzo, ndi maganizo.

Oyambitsa Udokotala Wamano

Mankhwala a mano, gawo lomwe tsopano tikuliona kuti ndi lapadera kwambiri, lomwe linayambira kale mbiri yakale. Mu Italy, pafupifupi zaka 13,000 zapitazo, mchitidwe wobowola ndi kudzaza mano unalipo kale, kalambulabwalo wodabwitsa wa njira zamakono zamakono. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kupezeka mu Indus Valley chitukuko, kumene cha m'ma 3300 BC, anthu anali kale chidziwitso chapamwamba chisamaliro cha mano. Zotsalira zofukulidwa m’mabwinja zimasonyeza kuti anali aluso pobowola mano, mchitidwe umene umatsimikizira osati kokha kumvetsetsa kwawo thanzi la m’kamwa komanso luso lawo logwiritsira ntchito zida zazing’ono ndi zolondola.

Pamene tikufufuza mizu ya mankhwala akale, timakumana ndi a kuphatikiza kosangalatsa kwa sayansi, zaluso, ndi zauzimu. Zoperewera za chidziwitso cha zamankhwala zidalipiridwa chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa mozama za chilengedwe komanso kulumikizana mwamphamvu ndi zikhulupiriro zauzimu. Kupulumuka kwa machitidwe monga kugwedeza ndi njira zopangira mano kupyola zaka zikwizikwi kumatsindika osati luso lachitukuko choyambirira komanso kutsimikiza mtima kwawo kuchiritsa ndi kuthetsa kuvutika. Ulendo uwu wopita kuchipatala choyambirira sikungotsimikizira mbiri yathu komanso chikumbutso cha kulimba mtima ndi luso laumunthu.

magwero

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• http://pacs.unica.it