Pachiyambi cha machitidwe azachipatala: mbiri yakale ya masukulu oyambirira azachipatala
Ulendo wopita ku Kubadwa ndi Kusintha kwa Maphunziro a Zamankhwala
Sukulu ya Montpellier: Mwambo wa Zakachikwi
The Faculty of Medicine pa Yunivesite ya Montpellier, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za zana la 12, imadziwika kuti sukulu yakale kwambiri yomwe ikugwira ntchito mosalekeza padziko lonse lapansi. Chiyambi chake chinayambira ku 1170 pamene chiyambi choyambirira cha madokotala ndi aphunzitsi chinapanga. Mu 1181, lamulo la William VIII adalengeza ufulu wophunzitsa zamankhwala ku Montpellier. Sukuluyi ili ndi mbiri yakale yodziwika ndi chikoka cha zikhalidwe zachipatala za Chiarabu, Chiyuda, ndi Chikhristu komanso kufunikira kwachipatala kunja kwa maphunziro aliwonse. Pa Ogasiti 17, 1220, Cardinal Conrad d'Urach, woimira papa, anapereka malamulo oyambirira kwa “universitas medicorum” ku Montpellier. Sukulu ya Montpellier yawona ndime ya anthu a mbiri yakale monga rabelais ndi Arnaud de Villeneuve, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha mankhwala amakono.
Salerno Medical School: Mpainiya wa European Medical Education
Salerno, kum'mwera kwa Italiya, amaonedwa kuti ndi chiyambi cha mankhwala amakono a ku yunivesite ya ku Ulaya. The Salerno Medical School, wodzitcha kuti “Civitas Hippocratica", idamangidwa pamiyambo ya Hippocrates, asing'anga aku Alexandria, ndi Galen. M'zaka za zana la 11, nyengo yatsopano inayamba Constantine waku Africa, amene anamasulira mabuku a mankhwala achigiriki ndi achiarabu m’Chilatini. Sukuluyi idakhala likulu la maphunziro azachipatala kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe, yokhala ndi maphunziro okhazikika komanso njira zothandizira anthu onse. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 12, pafupifupi mabuku onse a Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, ndi Rhazes anali kupezeka m’Chilatini. Maphunziro a zachipatala anali olimba pansi pa ulamuliro wa Emperor Frederick II, amene anaiika pansi pa kuyang’aniridwa ndi boma.
Kufunika kwa Sukulu Zachipatala
Masukulu azachipatala a Montpellier ndi Salerno adatenga gawo lalikulu pakukula kwa mankhwala amakono, kulimbikitsa maphunziro azachipatala ndi machitidwe ku Europe konse. Njira yawo yophunzitsira komanso kumasuka ku zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zachipatala zinayala maziko a maphunziro a zamankhwala ku yunivesite monga momwe tikudziwira lero. Malo ophunzirirawa sanangotulutsa madokotala aluso komanso anali malo ophunzirira kufufuza ndi zatsopano.
Tikaganizira mbiri ya masukulu amenewa, zikuonekeratu kuti maphunziro a zachipatala akhudza kwambiri anthu. Cholowa cha masukulu monga Montpellier ndi Salerno chikupitilizabe kukhudza dziko lazamankhwala, ndikugogomezera kufunikira kwa kuphunzira motengera zochita, kafukufuku, ndi chikhalidwe chapakati.
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