Kusintha kwa penicillin
Mankhwala omwe adasintha mbiri yamankhwala
Nkhani ya penicillin, mankhwala oyamba opha mabakiteriya, amayamba ndi kupezeka mwangozi zomwe zinatsegula njira ya nyengo yatsopano yolimbana ndi nkhondo matenda opatsirana. Kupezeka kwake ndi chitukuko chotsatira ndi nkhani za intuition, zatsopano, ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zidapulumutsa miyoyo ya mamiliyoni padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuchokera ku nkhungu kupita ku mankhwala
In 1928, Alexander Fleming, katswiri wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda wa ku Scotland, anapeza penicillin mwa kuona mmene “madzi a nkhungu” akhoza kupha mabakiteriya ambiri oopsa. Kusowa chidwi koyambirira komanso zovuta zaukadaulo pakupatula ndikuyeretsa penicillin sizinalepheretse kafukufukuyu. Kunali kokha madzulo a Nkhondo Yadziko II kuti Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, ndi timu yawo ku University of Oxford anasandutsa chochotsa nkhunguchi kukhala mankhwala opulumutsa moyo, kugonjetsa zopinga zazikulu zaukadaulo ndi kupanga.
Fakitale ya penicillin ku Oxford
Ntchito yopanga ku Oxford, idayambika 1939, unkadziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zosiyanasiyana zosakhalitsa kulima Penicillium ndi kupanga malo opangira zinthu zonse mkati mwa labotale. Ngakhale kuti pa nthawi ya nkhondo panalibe vuto, gululi linatha kupanga penicillin yokwanira kuti iwonetse mphamvu yake pochiza matenda aakulu a bakiteriya.
Zothandizira zaku America pakupanga penicillin
Pozindikira kufunika kopanga penicillin pamlingo waukulu, Florey ndi Heatley adapita ku United States in 1941, kumene mgwirizano ndi American pharmaceutical industry ndipo thandizo la boma linasintha penicillin kuchoka ku mankhwala ochititsa chidwi a mu labotale kukhala mankhwala opezeka ponseponse. Zatsopano zofunika, monga kugwiritsa ntchito chakumwa choledzeretsa cha chimanga pakuwotchera, zidachulukitsa zokolola za penicillin, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti azitha kuchiza asitikali a Allied panthawi yankhondo komanso pambuyo pake kwa anthu wamba.
Ulendowu kuchokera ku kupezeka kupita ku kufalitsa kwa penicillin padziko lonse lapansi ukuwunikira kufunika kwa kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi. Nkhani ya penicillin si ya mankhwala osinthika okha komanso ya momwe luso, motsogozedwa ndi kufunikira ndi kudzipereka, lingagonjetse zopinga zovuta kwambiri.
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