Amaqhawekazi omlilo wokuqala wesifazane: umlando weqembu labesifazane ngeminyaka yawo-1800
Amaphayona Ekulweni Nomlilo NgeNkathi Yama-Victorian
Amalangabi Okuqala Oshintsho
The umlando wabesifazane in ukushisa umlilo inezimpande ezijulile kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1800s. Omunye wabesifazane bokuqala ababhalwe phansi abacimi bomlilo kwaba Molly Williams, ilungu le I-Oceanus Fire Company No. 11 eNew York ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Umnikelo wakhe waphawuleka ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi kunesiphepho seqhwa ngo-1818 lapho amavolontiya amaningi ayengekho ngenxa yomkhuhlane, futhi wasiza ngenkuthalo ukucisha imililo. Kodwa-ke, ukwakhiwa kweqembu lezicishamlilo labesifazane bonke ngasekupheleni kwawo-1800 kwakuyisenzakalo esibalulekile nesingakaze sibonwe. I-Girton Ladies' College eBrithani isungule ithimba lezicishamlilo labesifazane bonke kusukela ngo-1878 kuze kube yi-1932, lisebenza njengengqophamlando yokuzibandakanya kwabesifazane kulo mkhakha.
Isibindi Enhlangano
In the I-united states, abesifazane bahileleka ngentshiseko ekucimeni umlilo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinkathi zempi lapho amadoda ayephambili. Phakathi IMpi Yezwe I kanye neMpi Yezwe II, abesifazane abaningi bajoyina izisebenzi zokuzithandela zokucisha umlilo ukuze bathathe isikhundla samadoda ayebizelwe empini. Kulo mongo, kwasungulwa izinkampani eziningana zezicishamlilo zabesifazane. Ngokwesibonelo, ngawo-1960, ngo IKing County, eCalifornia, futhi I-Woodbine, eTexas, izinkampani zokucisha umlilo zabesifazane zonke zathuthukiswa, nabesifazane bathatha izindima ezisebenzayo nezibalulekile ekucimeni umlilo nokulawula umlilo.
I-Evolution ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
Uhambo lwabesifazane kwezokucima umlilo belulude futhi lugcwele izinselele. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bathola ukuqashelwa nokwamukelwa okwengeziwe, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuvunyelwa yi- Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964 e-United States, okwakwenza kwaba emthethweni ukuba iminyango yomlilo ivimbele abesifazane ukuba bafake izicelo njengabacimi bomlilo. Lokhu kwavula indlela yokuthi abesifazane abengeziwe bangenele indima ekhuthele futhi ekhokhelwayo ekucimeni umlilo, njengoba kubonakala ezimweni ze USandra Forcier futhi Judith Livers ku 1970s.
Umlando wabesifazane ekucimeni umlilo, ikakhulukazi lowo wasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1800s bonke abesifazane, umelela isahluko esibalulekile ohambweni olude olubheke ekulinganeni kobulili kanye nokungenzeleli kubasebenzi. La maphayona ashiye ifa le isibindi futhi ukuzimisela lokho kuqhubeka nokugqugquzela nokuba nomthelela ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Imithombo