Uhlolojikelele Olungokomlando Lwezindlela Zokuhlenga Zakuqala kanye Nokuvela Kwazo

Imikhondo Yangaphambili Yokuhlenga Kumlando Wangaphambili

The umlando wokuhlenga abantu ihlehlela emuva kudala ngaphambi kokufika kwempucuko yesimanje, egxile ekujuleni kwe-prehistory. Imivubukulo ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba yembula ukuthi abantu basendulo base benolwazi namakhono adingekayo ukuze baphile ezindaweni eziyinselele. Ikakhulukazi, iNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia, eyake yabhekwa njengezwe eliyincithakalo esikhathini esiningi sangaphambi komlando, isiphenduke indawo eguquguqukayo nebalulekile kubantu basendulo. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ithimba elihlangene lezazi zaseJalimane nezaseSaudi luholele ekutholakaleni kwamathuluzi nobuchwepheshe obusukela emuva kuze kube manje. Eminyakeni engu-400,000 edlule, okubonisa ukuthi ukuhlala kwabantu esifundeni kudala kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili.

Lokhu okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi abantu basendulo babefuduka benqamula inhlonhlo ngamagagasi ahlukene, beletha izigaba ezintsha zesiko lezinto ezibonakalayo isikhathi ngasinye. Idatha ye-Archaeological kanye ne-paleoclimatic basikisela ukuthi indawo eyomile ngokuvamile yaba nezinkathi zokuna kwemvula, okwenza kube nokungenisa izihambi kubantu abayimizulane. Ukuba khona kwamathuluzi amatshe, ngokuvamile enziwa ngetshe letshezela, nokuhlukahluka kwamasu asetshenziswa ukukhiqiza la mathuluzi kubonisa izigaba zamasiko ezehlukene ezenzeka phakathi namakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Lezi zikhathi zifaka izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamasiko wembazo yesandla kanye nezindlela ezihlukile zobuchwepheshe be-Middle Paleolithic ezisekelwe kuma-flakes.

Isici esibalulekile ekusindeni nasekuhlengeni emandulo kwakuwukusetshenziswa komlilo, owaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizi-800,000 edlule, njengoba kufakazelwa yimiphumela Evron Quarry in Israel. Lokhu kutholakala, okusekelwa ukuhlaziya amathuluzi etshe letsheka kusetshenziswa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, kwembula ukuthi abantu basendulo babesebenzisa umlilo, mhlawumbe ukupheka noma ukufudumala, ngaphambi kwesikhathi eside kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili. Lobu bufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi ikhono lokulawula nokusebenzisa umlilo kwakuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo komuntu, okubambe iqhaza kakhulu emandleni ethu okuphila futhi sichume ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene futhi ngokuvamile ezinokhahlo.

Umsuka Wokutakulwa Kwesimanje

Ngo-1775, udokotela waseDenmark Peter Christian Abildgaard benza ucwaningo ezilwaneni, bathola ukuthi kwakungenzeka ukuvuselela inkukhu ebonakala ingaphili ngokushaqeka kukagesi. Lokhu kwakungenye yemibono yokuqala ebhaliwe ebonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuvuswa. Ngo-1856, udokotela waseNgilandi Marshall Hall ichaze indlela entsha yokufaka umoya wamaphaphu okwenziwa, okulandelwa ukucwengisiswa okwengeziwe kwendlela UHenry Robert Silvester ngo-1858. Lezi zenzakalo zabeka isisekelo sezindlela zanamuhla zokuvuselela umoya.

Intuthuko ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20

Ngekhulu le-19, John D. Hill we Isibhedlela iRoyal Free ichaze ukusetshenziswa kokucindezelwa kwesifuba ukuze kuvuselelwe ngempumelelo iziguli. Ngo-1877, Rudolph Boehm kubikwe kusetshenziswa ukubhucungwa kwenhliziyo kwangaphandle ukuvuselela amakati ngemva kokuboshwa kwenhliziyo okubangelwa yi-chloroform. Le ntuthuko ekuvuselelweni kwabafileyo ifinyelele umvuthwandaba encazelweni yokwengeziwe ukuvuselelwa kwe-cardiopulmonary yesimanje (CPR) amasu ekhulwini lama-20, ahlanganisa indlela yokungenisa umoya emlonyeni, eyamukelwa kabanzi maphakathi nekhulunyaka.

Ukucatshangelwa Kokugcina

Lokhu okutholakele kanye nentuthuko kubonisa ukuthi umuzwa wemvelo wokuhlenga nokusindisa izimpilo zabantu ugxile kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Izindlela zokuhlenga, nakuba zisezindala ngezinhlobo zazo zakuqala, zibe nomthelela omkhulu ekusindeni kwabantu nasekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo.