First aid, how to recognise and treat frostbite

By Cristiano Antonino On Mar 15, 2023

How to recognise and treat frostbite: it may make one smile to deal with this subject on the threshold of spring, but in reality it is precisely now that, paradoxically, they constitute a widespread danger

Rising temperatures are causing a number of people to go on hikes with equipment more suited to a country outing than a mountain hike.

And as mountain rescuers know, temperature changes in the mountains are abrupt and sudden.

Frostbite is a cold injury that can cause serious damage to the skin and underlying tissues

If left untreated, it can even lead to amputation.

This is why it is essential to be able to recognise the first signs of frostbite and provide first aid treatment promptly.

Don’t let the risks of cold catch you by surprise: read on to stay safe and prevent frostbite.

What to know about frostbite

Frostbite is an injury that occurs when the skin and underlying tissues freeze due to exposure to cold temperatures.

It usually affects the fingers and toes, nose, ears, cheeks and chin, which are the areas most vulnerable to the cold.

Frostbite can cause various symptoms, from mild numbness and tingling to severe pain, discolouration and even tissue death.

In extreme cases, frostbite can lead to gangrene, which may require amputation.

If symptoms of frostbite occur, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible to avoid complications and ensure proper treatment.

With the right precautions and knowledge, it is possible to stay safe and healthy even in colder climates.

Signs and symptoms

In the early stages of frostbite, you may feel tingling or numbness in the affected area.

The skin may appear white or pale and may feel cold or tight to the touch.

As frostbite progresses

Skin colour changes: The affected skin may appear white or greyish-yellow and may feel hard or waxy to the touch.
Numbness or tingling: The affected area may be numb, tingling or stinging.
Swelling: The affected area may become swollen and may feel stiff or painful.
Blisters: Fluid-filled blisters may form on the affected skin, especially after heating.
Pain: The affected area may feel painful, throbbing or burning, especially when heating.

Difficulty moving or using the affected area: In severe cases, the affected area may become immobile, making movement or use difficult.

It is important to note that the severity of frostbite can vary depending on the extent of exposure to cold temperatures, age, health status and other factors.

Mild cases of frostbite may resolve on their own with basic first aid, while more severe cases may require medical attention and, in extreme cases, even surgery.

If you suspect that you are suffering from frostbite, it is important to seek medical attention or call the Emergency Number as soon as possible to avoid complications and ensure proper treatment.

First Aid Guide: Frostbite

When treating frostbite, it is important to act immediately to prevent further injury and promote healing.

Here are the first aid steps to follow to treat frostbite:

Move to a warm area: If possible, move the person to a warm, dry area as soon as possible to avoid further exposure to the cold.
Remove wet or tight clothing: Remove wet or tight clothing from the affected area to allow better blood circulation and warming.
Warm the affected area: Warm it gently by soaking it in warm (not boiling) water or applying warm compresses. Do not use direct heat, such as a heating pad or hot water, as this may cause burns and further tissue damage.
Keep the person hydrated: Offer warm liquids, such as tea or soup, to warm the body and prevent dehydration.
Do not rub or massage the affected area: Rubbing or massaging the affected area can cause further skin and tissue damage. Instead, gently lift the affected area to reduce swelling and promote healing.
Seek medical attention: If the affected area does not warm up or if blisters or blackened skin form, seek medical attention immediately.
With first aid and proper medical treatment, many cases of frostbite can be successfully treated and prevent them from becoming more serious.
While mild cases of frostbite can often be treated with basic first aid, more severe cases may require further medical attention.

Here are some signs that indicate the need to seek medical attention for frostbite

The affected area remains numb, painful or discoloured after warming.

Blisters or open sores form on the affected area.

The affected area turns black or purple, indicating tissue death.

Development of fever or other signs of infection, such as redness, swelling or discharge from the affected area.

Pre-existing medical conditions affecting circulation, such as diabetes or peripheral arterial disease.

Symptoms of hypothermia (such as chills, confusion or difficulty speaking).

Seeking further medical help after providing first aid for frostbite can help ensure that the person receives appropriate treatment and prevent complications that may lead to permanent damage or disability.

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